Öz
Since 1957, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has expanded its role in nuclear security. While it was only intended to focus on promoting the peaceful use of nuclear energy in line with safeguards implementation to prevent nuclear proliferation, its mandate has, in time, evolved to address the emerging threats to nuclear technology, i.e., nuclear terrorism and illicit trafficking of nuclear materials. In this historical perspective, the article analyses the development of the IAEA's nuclear security framework. Over time, there have been key points, such as the need for physical protection in the 1970s and the establishment of comprehensive security measures after the 9/11 terrorist attacks. Currently, the IAEA's nuclear security program consists of guidance, training, and international cooperation efforts, which are only available upon the request of Member States. More recently, it has expanded its nuclear security efforts to provide technical assistance and monitor nuclear safety and security in conflict zones. However, this expansion has not been easy for the IAEA as it has challenges such as funding limitations and the tension between national sovereignty and international oversight. Ultimately, the IAEA's nuclear security role as the global platform shows its critical importance in enhancing international efforts to mitigate nuclear security threats. However, while the IAEA has made important progress in nuclear security, structural and political limitations constrain its effectiveness.
Anahtar Kelimeler
physical protection nuclear security IAEA nuclear material nuclear facility
Kaynakça
- [1] IAEA, Objective and Essential Elements of a State’s Nuclear Security Regime, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 20, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2013.
- [2] F.P. Joseph, An interview with the Director General, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 13-24.
- [3] F.P. Joseph, Introduction, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 1-12.
- [4] B. Baruch, Statement of United States Policy, presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) by U.S. Representative, 1946.
- [5] A.S. Gill, Nuclear Security Summits: A History, Cham, Switzerland, Cham, Switzerland, 2019.
- [6] IAEA, Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/Revision 5), IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 13, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011.
- [7] M.A. Alkış, Nuclear Security and Nuclear Security Culture: An Overview, Journal of Nuclear Sciences 8 (2022) 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1501/nuclear.2023.58
- [8] P.d. Klerk, How nuclear security arrived at the IAEA, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 189-201.
- [9] Incidents of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material Out of Regulatory Control: 2016 Fact Sheet, International Atomic Energy Agency, Incident and Trafficking Database, 2016.
- [10] M.A. Alkış, Non-Western approach to nuclear security, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 16 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2023.100535 100535.
- [11] M.A. Alkış, Armed Conflict and Nuclear Security: Implications for Europe, EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Consortium, Stockholm, 2023.
- [12] M. Bunn, Twenty years after 9/11, terrorists could still go nuclear, (2021).
- [13] L. Holgate, Nuclear security advocacy following the nuclear security summits: The nuclear security contact group, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021,pp. 215-226 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003160205
- [14] T. Findlay, The IAEA’s Critical Role in Nuclear Security, in: C. Hobbs, S. Tzinieris, S.K. Aghara (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Security, Oxford University Press2024, pp. 0.
- [15] IAEA, The Agency’s Budget Update for 2025, The International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2024.
- [16] R.M. Grossi, IAEA Director General's Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2022.
- [17] IAEA, Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine, The International Atomic Energy Agency, 2025.
Öz
Uluslararası Atom Enerjisi Ajansı (IAEA) 1957'den bu yana nükleer emniyet konusundaki rolünü genişletmiştir. Başlangıçta sadece nükleer enerjinin barışçıl amaçlarla kullanımının teşvik edilmesi ve nükleer silahların yayılmasının önlenmesine yönelik emniyet tedbirlerinin uygulanmasına odaklanması amaçlanmışken, zaman içinde nükleer terörizm ve nükleer maddelerin yasadışı ticareti gibi nükleer teknolojiye yönelik ortaya çıkan tehditleri ele almak üzere görev alanı değişmiştir. Bu tarihsel perspektifte, makale IAEA'nın nükleer emniyet çerçevesinin gelişimini analiz etmektedir. Zaman içinde, 1970'lerde fiziksel koruma ihtiyacı ve 11 Eylül terör saldırılarından sonra kapsamlı emniyet tedbirlerinin oluşturulması gibi kilit noktalar ortaya çıkmıştır. Şu anda IAEA'nın nükleer emniyet programı, sadece Üye Devletlerin talebi üzerine sunulan rehberlik, eğitim ve uluslararası işbirliği çabalarından oluşmaktadır. Son zamanlarda, IAEA nükleer emniyet çabalarını teknik yardım sağlamak ve çatışma bölgelerinde nükleer emniyet ve güvenliği izlemek üzere genişletmiştir. Ancak bu genişleme IAEA için kolay olmamıştır çünkü finansman kısıtlamaları ve ulusal egemenlik ile uluslararası gözetim arasındaki gerilim gibi zorluklarla karşılaşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak, IAEA'nın küresel bir platform olarak nükleer emniyet rolü, nükleer emniyet tehditlerinin azaltılmasına yönelik uluslararası çabaların arttırılmasındaki kritik önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak IAEA nükleer emniyet konusunda önemli ilerlemeler kaydetmiş olsa da yapısal ve siyasi sınırlamalar etkinliğini kısıtlamaktadır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
fiziksel koruma nükleer emniyet IAEA nükleer madde nükleer tesis
Kaynakça
- [1] IAEA, Objective and Essential Elements of a State’s Nuclear Security Regime, IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 20, International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2013.
- [2] F.P. Joseph, An interview with the Director General, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 13-24.
- [3] F.P. Joseph, Introduction, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 1-12.
- [4] B. Baruch, Statement of United States Policy, presented to the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC) by U.S. Representative, 1946.
- [5] A.S. Gill, Nuclear Security Summits: A History, Cham, Switzerland, Cham, Switzerland, 2019.
- [6] IAEA, Nuclear Security Recommendations on Physical Protection of Nuclear Material and Nuclear Facilities (INFCIRC/225/Revision 5), IAEA Nuclear Security Series No. 13, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2011.
- [7] M.A. Alkış, Nuclear Security and Nuclear Security Culture: An Overview, Journal of Nuclear Sciences 8 (2022) 17-21. https://doi.org/10.1501/nuclear.2023.58
- [8] P.d. Klerk, How nuclear security arrived at the IAEA, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021, pp. 189-201.
- [9] Incidents of Nuclear and Other Radioactive Material Out of Regulatory Control: 2016 Fact Sheet, International Atomic Energy Agency, Incident and Trafficking Database, 2016.
- [10] M.A. Alkış, Non-Western approach to nuclear security, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 16 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrras.2023.100535 100535.
- [11] M.A. Alkış, Armed Conflict and Nuclear Security: Implications for Europe, EU Non-Proliferation and Disarmament Consortium, Stockholm, 2023.
- [12] M. Bunn, Twenty years after 9/11, terrorists could still go nuclear, (2021).
- [13] L. Holgate, Nuclear security advocacy following the nuclear security summits: The nuclear security contact group, in: F.P. Joseph (Ed.), The International Atomic Energy Agency: Historical Reflections, Current Challenges and Future Prospects, Routledge, Oxford, 2021,pp. 215-226 https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003160205
- [14] T. Findlay, The IAEA’s Critical Role in Nuclear Security, in: C. Hobbs, S. Tzinieris, S.K. Aghara (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Nuclear Security, Oxford University Press2024, pp. 0.
- [15] IAEA, The Agency’s Budget Update for 2025, The International Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, 2024.
- [16] R.M. Grossi, IAEA Director General's Introductory Statement to the Board of Governors, International Atomic Energy Agency, 2022.
- [17] IAEA, Nuclear Safety, Security and Safeguards in Ukraine, The International Atomic Energy Agency, 2025.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Nükleer Bilimler, Nükleer Mühendisliği (Diğer) |
| Bölüm | Review Articles |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 22 Temmuz 2025 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 21 Ocak 2025 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Mart 2025 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2022Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2 |