Öz
Besleyici özelliklerinin yanı sıra apiterapik özellikleriyle de bilinen kestane balı, monofloral bal türlerinin ana gruplarından biridir. Kastamonu, Karadeniz bölgesinin kestane ormanı florasının üçte ikisini oluşturması nedeniyle en önemli kestane balı üretimi açısından önemli bir lokasyondur. Kestane ormanları içerisindeki arılıklarda üretilen Kastamonu Kestane Balı, coğrafi menşe işareti ile tescillenmiştir. Balın besin değeri, besinsel ve kimyasal içeriğiyle ilgilidir. Kastamonu kestane ormanları kıyı şeridinden 1000-1200 metre yüksekliğe kadar dağınık yapısıyla farklı bir dağılıma sahiptir. Bu nedenle farklı ilçelerde üretilen kestane balının farklı bileşime sahip olduğu öngörüsüyle bu çalışma planlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı kestane balının üretildiği bölgeye göre mineral ve ağır metal içeriklerini belirleyerek ürüne ilişkin resmi düzenlemelere, ürün standardizasyonuna ve ulusal markalaşma çalışmalarına katkı sağlamaktır. Çalışma sonucunda Kastamonu ilçelerindeki kestane ormanlarından bal örneklerinin toplandığı arılıkların farklı rakım, iklim ve toprak özelliklerine sahip olması nedeniyle kestane balı numunelerindeki elementlerin ana konsantrasyonlarının coğrafi konumdan etkilendiği ortaya çıkmıştır. Numunelerde en yüksek bulunan elementler potasyum (1410.0-6581.5 ppm), sodyum (0-204.4 ppm), kalsiyum (125.3-287.5 ppm) ve magnezyum (24.73-61.88 ppm) olarak belirlendi. Demir(1.32-9.54 ppm), çinko(1.34-20.84 ppm) ve manganez (1.39-18.69 ppm) orta düzeyde, diğerleri ise eser düzeylerde bulundu. Manganezin tüm kestane balı örneklerinde orta düzeyde ve diğer bal türlerine göre de daha yüksek düzeyde bulunması nedeniyle kestane balında taklit ve tağşişin tespit edilmesi amacıyla Mn'nin parmak izi olarak kullanılması önerilebilir. Ağır metallerden Cd yalnızca bir örnekte bulunurken, Ni hiç bir örnekte tespit edilmemiştir. Örneklerde Pb konsantrasyonu 1.84 ppm ile 3.38 ppm arasında değişirken Al konsantrasyonu oldukça yüksekti (2.94-13.94 ppm). Türk Gıda Kodeksi Bulaşanlar Yönetmeliği'nde bal türlerinin ağır metal içerikleri için üst sınır bulunmadığından bu ağır metal içeriklerinin uygunluğu konusunda bir değerlendirme yapılamamıştır. Bal türlerinde ağır metal kontaminasyon limitlerinin mevzuata dahil edilmesi, özellikle ağır metal kontaminasyonunun bal hasadı ve depolama gibi proseslerde kullanılan metalik kaplar gibi ikincil kaynakların gözden geçirilmesi gerektiği düşünülmektedir.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kestane balı Mineral madde içeriği Ağır metal Gıda güvenliği
Kaynakça
- Al Khalifa, A. S., & Ahmad, D. (2010). Determination of Key Elements by ICP-OES in Commercially Available Infant Formulae and Baby Foods In Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 464-468.
- Anonymous. (2011). Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/11/20231105-1.htm (Erişim tarihi: 25.10.2023).
- Anonymous. (2018). General Directorate of Forestry Annual Report.
- Anonymous. (2020). Kurul / Komisyon / Konsey Kararları “Evcil hayvan genetik kaynakları tescil komitesi kararı”. Retrieved December 01, 2023 from https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Kurum/24308110?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
- Bilandžić, N., Sedak, M., Đokić, M., Bošković, A. G., Florijančić, T., Bošković, I., ... & Hruškar, M. (2019). Element content in ten Croatian honey types from different geographical regions during three seasons. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 84, 103305.
- Bosancic, B., Zabic, M., Mihajlovic, D., Samardzic, J., & Mirjanic, G. (2020). Comparative study of toxic heavy metal residues and other properties of honey from different environmental production systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38200–38211.
- Chua, L. S., Abdul-Rahaman, N. L., Sarmidi, M. R., & Aziz, R. (2012). Multi-elemental composition and physical properties of honey samples from Malaysia. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 880-887.
- Cunningham, M. M., Tran, L., McKee, C. G., Polo, R. O., Newman, T., Lansing, L., ... & Guarna, M. M. (2022). Honey bees as biomonitors of environmental contaminants, pathogens, and climate change. Ecological Indicators, 134, 108457.
- Frazzoli, C., D'Ilio, S., & Bocca, B. (2007). Determination of Cd and Pb in honey by SF‐ICP‐MS: Validation figures and uncertainty of results. Analytical Letters, 40(10), 1992-2004.
- Grembecka, M., & Szefer, P. (2013). Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5), 4033-4047.
- Güneş, M. E. (2021). Chestnut honey as a complementary medicine: determination of antibacterial activity, heavy metal residue and health risk assessment. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(2), 82-89.
- Habryka, C., Socha, R., & Juszczak, L. (2021). Effect of bee pollen addition on the polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and quality parameters of honey. Antioxidants, 10(5), 810.
- Hendek Ertop, M., & Atasoy, R. (2018). Investigation of some physicochemical, nutritional and rheological properties of Kastamonu chestnut honey. International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Academic Studies, 16-17.
- Joint FAO/WHO. (1999). Expert committee on food additives. Summary and Conclusions, 53rd meeting, 1–10 June, Rome.
- Kanbur, E. D., Yuksek, T., Atamov, V., & Ozcelik, A. E. (2021). A comparison of the physicochemical properties of chestnut and highland honey: The case of Senoz Valley in the Rize province of Turkey. Food Chemistry, 345, 128864.
- Kandemir, I., Kence, M., Sheppard, W. S., & Kence, A. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 45(1), 33-38.
- Kılıç Altun, S., Dinç, H., Paksoy, N.. Temamoğulları, F. K., & Savrunlu, M. (2017). Analyses of mineral content and heavy metal of honey samples from south and east region of Turkey by using ICP-MS. International Journal Analytical Chemistry, 6391454.
- Kolaylı, S., Kongur, N., Gundogdu, A., Kemer, B., Duran, C., & Aliyazicioglu, R. (2008). Mineral composition of selected honeys from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20(3), 5, 2421-2425.
- Kukrer, M., & Bilgin, C.C. (2020). Climate change prompts monitoring and systematic utilization of honey bee diversity in Turkey. Bee Studies, 12(1), 19-25.
- Kumova, U., & Korkmaz, A. (2005). Arı Yetiştiriciliği, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Projesi Yayınları (TARP), TÜBİTAK.
- Küçük, M., Kolaylı, S., Karaoğlu, Ş., Ulusoy, E., Baltacı, C., & Candan, F. (2007). Biological activities and chemical composition of three honeys of different types from Anatolia. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 526-534.
- Manouchehri, A., Pirhadi, M., Shokri, S., Khaniki, G.J., Shamaei, S., & Miranzadeh, M. H. (2021). The possible effects of heavy metals in honey as toxic and carcinogenic substances on human health: A systematic review.Uludag Bee Journal, 21(2), 237-246.
- Moldakhmetova, G., Kurmanov, R., Toishimanov, M., Tajiyev, K., Nuraliyeva, U., Sheralieva, Z., Temirbayeva, K., & Suleimenova, Z. (2023).Palynological, physicochemical, and organoleptic analysis of honey from different climate zones of Kazakhstan. Caspian Journal of Enviromental Sciences, 21(3), 543-553.
- Pavlin, A., Kočar, D., Imperl, J., Kolar, M., Marolt, G., & Petrova, P. (2023). Honey Origin Authentication via Mineral Profiling Combined with Chemometric Approaches. Foods, 12(15), 2826.
- Pisani, A., Protano, G., & Riccobono, F. (2008). Minor and trace elements in different honey types produced in Siena County (Italy). Food Chemistry, 107(4), 1553-1560.
- Rodriguez-Flores, M. S., Escuredo, O., Míguez, M., & Seijo, M. C. (2019). Differentiation of oak honeydew and chestnut honeys from the same geographical origin using chemometric methods. Food Chemistry, 297, 124979.
- Sager, M. (2018) The honey as a bioindicator of the environment. Ecological Chemistry of Engineering S, 24, 583–594.
- Solayman, M., Islam, M. A., Paul, S., Ali, Y., Khalil, M. I., Alam, N., & Gan, S. H. (2016). Physicochemical properties, minerals, trace elements, and heavy metals in honey of different origins. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 15(1), 219-233.
- Taş-Küçükaydın, M., Tel-Çayan, G., Çayan, F., Küçükaydın, S., Çiftçi, B. H., Ceylan, Ö., & Duru, M. E. (2023). Chemometric classification of chestnut honeys from different regions in Turkey based on their phenolic compositions and biological activities. Food Chemistry, 415, 135727.
- Vanhanen, L. P., Emmertz, A., & Savage, G. P. (2011). Mineral analysis of mono-floral New Zealand honey. Food Chemistry, 128(1), 236-240.
- Yıldız, B. İ., & Karabağ, K. (2022). Quantitation of neuroxin-1, ataxin-3 and atlastin genes related to grooming behavior in five races of honey bee, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(1), 3-11.
Öz
Chestnut honey, which is known for its apitherapic properties besides its nutritional attributes, is one of the main groups of monofloral honey types. Kastamonu is the most important province because where constitutes two-thirds of the chestnut forest flora of the Black Sea region. Kastamonu Chestnut Honey, produced in apiaries within the chestnut forests, has been registered as a geographical indication and designation of origin. The nutritional value of honey is related to its nutritional and chemical content. Kastamonu chestnut forests have a different distribution with their scattered structure from the coastline to 1000-1200 meters altitude. Therefore, this study was planned with the prediction that chestnut honey produced in different districts has a different composition. The aim of the study is to contribute to official regulations regarding the product, product standardization, and national branding studies by determining mineral and heavy metal contents based on the region where the chestnut honey is produced. As a result of the study, the main concentrations of the elements in the chestnut honey samples were affected by the geographical location, because the apiaries where honey samples were collected in chestnut forests in Kastamonu districts had different altitudes, climates and soil properties, and different secondary flora. The most abundant elements in the samples were potassium (1410.0-6581.5 ppm) sodium (0-204.4 ppm), calcium (125.3-287.5 ppm), and magnesium (24.73-61.88 ppm). Iron (1.32-9.54 ppm), zinc (1.34-20.84 ppm), and manganese (1.39-18.69 ppm) were also found in moderate and others in trace levels. Because manganese is found at moderate levels in all chestnut honey samples and it is found at higher levels than other honey types, it can be recommended that Mn, as fingerprints to detect imitation and adulteration of chestnut honey. While Cd, a heavy metal, was found in only one sample, Ni was not detected in any sample. Whereas Pb concentration varied between 1.84 ppm and 3.38 ppm for the samples, the contents of Al concentrations were quite high (2.94-13.94 ppm). Because there wasn't a maximum limit for heavy metal contents of honey types in the Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation, no evaluation could have been made regarding the suitability of these heavy metal contents. It is thought that heavy metal contamination limits in honey types should be included in the regulations and especially secondary sources such as metallic containers used for storage during handling processes and harvesting of honey for heavy metal contamination should be reviewed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Al Khalifa, A. S., & Ahmad, D. (2010). Determination of Key Elements by ICP-OES in Commercially Available Infant Formulae and Baby Foods In Saudi Arabia. African Journal of Food Science, 4(7), 464-468.
- Anonymous. (2011). Turkish Food Codex Contaminants Regulation https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2023/11/20231105-1.htm (Erişim tarihi: 25.10.2023).
- Anonymous. (2018). General Directorate of Forestry Annual Report.
- Anonymous. (2020). Kurul / Komisyon / Konsey Kararları “Evcil hayvan genetik kaynakları tescil komitesi kararı”. Retrieved December 01, 2023 from https://kms.kaysis.gov.tr/Home/Kurum/24308110?AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1
- Bilandžić, N., Sedak, M., Đokić, M., Bošković, A. G., Florijančić, T., Bošković, I., ... & Hruškar, M. (2019). Element content in ten Croatian honey types from different geographical regions during three seasons. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, 84, 103305.
- Bosancic, B., Zabic, M., Mihajlovic, D., Samardzic, J., & Mirjanic, G. (2020). Comparative study of toxic heavy metal residues and other properties of honey from different environmental production systems. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 27, 38200–38211.
- Chua, L. S., Abdul-Rahaman, N. L., Sarmidi, M. R., & Aziz, R. (2012). Multi-elemental composition and physical properties of honey samples from Malaysia. Food Chemistry, 135(3), 880-887.
- Cunningham, M. M., Tran, L., McKee, C. G., Polo, R. O., Newman, T., Lansing, L., ... & Guarna, M. M. (2022). Honey bees as biomonitors of environmental contaminants, pathogens, and climate change. Ecological Indicators, 134, 108457.
- Frazzoli, C., D'Ilio, S., & Bocca, B. (2007). Determination of Cd and Pb in honey by SF‐ICP‐MS: Validation figures and uncertainty of results. Analytical Letters, 40(10), 1992-2004.
- Grembecka, M., & Szefer, P. (2013). Evaluation of honeys and bee products quality based on their mineral composition using multivariate techniques. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 185(5), 4033-4047.
- Güneş, M. E. (2021). Chestnut honey as a complementary medicine: determination of antibacterial activity, heavy metal residue and health risk assessment. Journal of Advances in VetBio Science and Techniques, 6(2), 82-89.
- Habryka, C., Socha, R., & Juszczak, L. (2021). Effect of bee pollen addition on the polyphenol content, antioxidant activity, and quality parameters of honey. Antioxidants, 10(5), 810.
- Hendek Ertop, M., & Atasoy, R. (2018). Investigation of some physicochemical, nutritional and rheological properties of Kastamonu chestnut honey. International Symposium on Multidisciplinary Academic Studies, 16-17.
- Joint FAO/WHO. (1999). Expert committee on food additives. Summary and Conclusions, 53rd meeting, 1–10 June, Rome.
- Kanbur, E. D., Yuksek, T., Atamov, V., & Ozcelik, A. E. (2021). A comparison of the physicochemical properties of chestnut and highland honey: The case of Senoz Valley in the Rize province of Turkey. Food Chemistry, 345, 128864.
- Kandemir, I., Kence, M., Sheppard, W. S., & Kence, A. (2006). Mitochondrial DNA variation in honey bee (Apis mellifera L.) populations from Turkey. Journal of Apicultural Research, 45(1), 33-38.
- Kılıç Altun, S., Dinç, H., Paksoy, N.. Temamoğulları, F. K., & Savrunlu, M. (2017). Analyses of mineral content and heavy metal of honey samples from south and east region of Turkey by using ICP-MS. International Journal Analytical Chemistry, 6391454.
- Kolaylı, S., Kongur, N., Gundogdu, A., Kemer, B., Duran, C., & Aliyazicioglu, R. (2008). Mineral composition of selected honeys from Turkey. Asian Journal of Chemistry, 20(3), 5, 2421-2425.
- Kukrer, M., & Bilgin, C.C. (2020). Climate change prompts monitoring and systematic utilization of honey bee diversity in Turkey. Bee Studies, 12(1), 19-25.
- Kumova, U., & Korkmaz, A. (2005). Arı Yetiştiriciliği, Türkiye Tarımsal Araştırmalar Projesi Yayınları (TARP), TÜBİTAK.
- Küçük, M., Kolaylı, S., Karaoğlu, Ş., Ulusoy, E., Baltacı, C., & Candan, F. (2007). Biological activities and chemical composition of three honeys of different types from Anatolia. Food Chemistry, 100(2), 526-534.
- Manouchehri, A., Pirhadi, M., Shokri, S., Khaniki, G.J., Shamaei, S., & Miranzadeh, M. H. (2021). The possible effects of heavy metals in honey as toxic and carcinogenic substances on human health: A systematic review.Uludag Bee Journal, 21(2), 237-246.
- Moldakhmetova, G., Kurmanov, R., Toishimanov, M., Tajiyev, K., Nuraliyeva, U., Sheralieva, Z., Temirbayeva, K., & Suleimenova, Z. (2023).Palynological, physicochemical, and organoleptic analysis of honey from different climate zones of Kazakhstan. Caspian Journal of Enviromental Sciences, 21(3), 543-553.
- Pavlin, A., Kočar, D., Imperl, J., Kolar, M., Marolt, G., & Petrova, P. (2023). Honey Origin Authentication via Mineral Profiling Combined with Chemometric Approaches. Foods, 12(15), 2826.
- Pisani, A., Protano, G., & Riccobono, F. (2008). Minor and trace elements in different honey types produced in Siena County (Italy). Food Chemistry, 107(4), 1553-1560.
- Rodriguez-Flores, M. S., Escuredo, O., Míguez, M., & Seijo, M. C. (2019). Differentiation of oak honeydew and chestnut honeys from the same geographical origin using chemometric methods. Food Chemistry, 297, 124979.
- Sager, M. (2018) The honey as a bioindicator of the environment. Ecological Chemistry of Engineering S, 24, 583–594.
- Solayman, M., Islam, M. A., Paul, S., Ali, Y., Khalil, M. I., Alam, N., & Gan, S. H. (2016). Physicochemical properties, minerals, trace elements, and heavy metals in honey of different origins. Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, 15(1), 219-233.
- Taş-Küçükaydın, M., Tel-Çayan, G., Çayan, F., Küçükaydın, S., Çiftçi, B. H., Ceylan, Ö., & Duru, M. E. (2023). Chemometric classification of chestnut honeys from different regions in Turkey based on their phenolic compositions and biological activities. Food Chemistry, 415, 135727.
- Vanhanen, L. P., Emmertz, A., & Savage, G. P. (2011). Mineral analysis of mono-floral New Zealand honey. Food Chemistry, 128(1), 236-240.
- Yıldız, B. İ., & Karabağ, K. (2022). Quantitation of neuroxin-1, ataxin-3 and atlastin genes related to grooming behavior in five races of honey bee, Apis mellifera L., 1758 (Hymenoptera: Apidae), in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Entomology, 46(1), 3-11.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | İngilizce |
|---|---|
| Konular | Gıda Mühendisliği |
| Bölüm | Araştırma Makaleleri |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 30 Aralık 2023 |
| Gönderilme Tarihi | 10 Ekim 2023 |
| Kabul Tarihi | 27 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2 |
Kaynak Göster
Cited By
Distinctive properties of the pine, oak, chestnut and multifloral blossom and honeydew honeys
European Food Research and Technology
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-024-04520-0
ASOS Index