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Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 23 - 31

Emre Tabar , Gamze Hoşgör , Mesut Ramazan Ekici , Ceren Aydin , Nur Iman Muttaqi

Abstract

Pure iron (Fe) and copper-carbon doped iron (Fe3Cu1C) material were produced using conventional powder metallurgy technique. Gamma radiation shielding properties (linear attenuation coefficient (LAC), mass attenuation coefficient (MAC), and radiation shielding efficiency (RPE)) of pure Fe and Fe3Cu1C were investigated with the Geant4 simulation toolkit in the energy range from 0.04 MeV to 6 MeV. Additionally, MAC results were compared with data obtained from the XCOM program. Maximum RPE values are observed in the low energy region between 0.04 and 0.1 MeV. While these values are 99.99% (0.04 MeV), 99.63% (0.05 MeV), 96.83% (0.06 MeV), 81.80% (0.08 MeV) and 65.59% (0.10 MeV) for Fe, they are 99.99%, 99.55% (0.05 MeV), 96.42% (0.06 MeV), 80.68% (0.08 MeV) and 64.26% (0.10 MeV) for Fe3Cu1C. The obtained results show that the produced Fe3Cu1C material may be used to protect against gamma radiation, especially at low energies.

Keywords

Geant4 gamma shielding powder metallurgy

Supporting Institution

TUBITAK (2209A)

Project Number

2209A

References

  • [1] A.S. Abouhaswa, Y.S. Rammah, M.I. Sayyed, and H.O. Tekin, "Synthesis, structure, optical and gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-PbO2-Bi2O3 glasses", Composites Part B: Engineering 172 218-225 (2019).
  • [2] A.S. Abouhaswa, H.M.H. Zakaly, S.A.M. Issa, M. Pyshkina, R. El-Mallawany, and M.Y.A. Mostafa, "Lead borate glasses and synergistic impact of lanthanum oxide additive: optical and nuclear radiation shielding behaviors", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31(17) 14494-14501 (2020).
  • [3] Z. Hoşgör, M. Ünlütürk, S. Gülmez, Ü. Anıl, S. Yazan, G. Hoşgör, and E. Tabar, "Effect of SnO2 on material and radiation shielding properties in SiO2-B2O3-Na2O-K2O-ZnO glass system ", Ceramics International (accepted) (2025).
  • [4] M.I. Sayyed, M.H.A. Mhareb, B.C. Şakar, K.A. Mahmoud, E. Şakar, et al., "Experimental investigation of structural and radiation shielding features of Li2O-BaO-ZnO-B2O3-Bi2O3 glass systems", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 218 111640 (2024).
  • [5] M.R. Ekici, T. Emre, Y. Ramazan, H. Gamze, and E. and Bulut, "Investigation of the Effects of Magnesium, Iron, and Manganese on Gamma Permeability in Zinc-Based Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy", Nuclear Technology 1-17 (2025).
  • [6] G. Hoşgör and E. Tabar, "The investigation of the radiation shielding features of boro-tellurite glasses containing bismuth and titanium via FLUKA code", Physica Scripta 100(1) 015308 (2025).
  • [7] G. Hoşgör, E. Tabar, E. Kemah, and H. Yakut, "Influence of TiO2 content on the radiation shielding properties of the La2O3-B2O3-Gd2O3-Nb2O5-ZrO2-SiO2 glasses", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 226 112281 (2025).
  • [8] A. Acikgoz, I. Izguden, Y. Tasgin, D. Yilmaz, G. Demircan, S. Kalecik, and B. Aktas, "Influence of praseodymium oxide on the structural, mechanical and photon, charged particles, and neutron shielding properties of alumina borate glass", Ceramics International 50(19, Part A) 34573-34584 (2024).
  • [9] Y. Al-Hadeethi, M.I. Sayyed, and S.A. Tijani, "Gamma radiation attenuation properties of tellurite glasses: A comparative study", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51(8) 2005-2012 (2019).
  • [10] M.S. Al-Buriahi, I.O. Olarinoye, S. Alomairy, I. Kebaili, R. Kaya, H. Arslan, and B.T. Tonguc, "Dense and environment friendly bismuth barium telluroborate glasses for nuclear protection applications", Progress in Nuclear Energy 137 103763 (2021).
  • [11] M.R. Ekici, E. Tabar, G. Hoşgör, E. Bulut, and A. Atasoy, "The effect of zinc, iron and manganese content on gamma shielding properties of magnesium-based alloys produced using the powder metallurgy", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 56(9) 3872-3883 (2024).
  • [12] E.O. Echeweozo, A. Norah, A. Sultan, A.Z. A., A.N. Salem, and M.S. and Al-Buriahi, "Evaluation of gamma radiation shielding characteristics of FeNbSc-based alloys", Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 1-16 (2025).
  • [13] M. Büyükyıldız, S. Thakur, A. Levet, and P. Kaur, "Gamma-ray attenuation properties of some heavy metal ferroalloys for potential applications", Progress in Nuclear Energy 176 105382 (2024).
  • [14] A.M. El-Khatib, A.S. Doma, M.M. Abbass, M.F. Hassan, M.I. Abbas, M.M. Abd El-Latif, and M.M. Gouda, "Enhancing gamma radiation shielding properties of iron metal and natural rubber composites", Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141(30) e55690 (2024).
  • [15] B. Aygün, "High alloyed new stainless steel shielding material for gamma and fast neutron radiation", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 52(3) 647-653 (2020).
  • [16] F. Akman, M.I. Sayyed, M.R. Kaçal, and H.O. Tekin, "Investigation of photon shielding performances of some selected alloys by experimental data, theoretical and MCNPX code in the energy range of 81 keV–1333 keV", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 772 516-524 (2019).
  • [17] R. Darwesh, M.I. Sayyed, Y. Al-Hadeethi, and J.S. Alotaibi, "Synthesis and characterization of TeO2-B2O3-CaO-ZnO glass systems for improved radiation shielding performance", Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 18(1) 101259 (2025).
  • [18] B.B. Solak, B. Aktas, D. Yilmaz, S. Kalecik, S. Yalcin, A. Acikgoz, and G. Demircan, "Exploring the radiation shielding properties of B2O3-PbO-TeO2-CeO2-WO3 glasses: A comprehensive study on structural, mechanical, gamma, and neutron attenuation characteristics", Materials Chemistry and Physics 312 128672 (2024).
  • [19] M.H. Alhakami, A.S. Abouhaswa, N.A. Althubiti, and T.A.M. Taha, "Investigation of optical and radiation shielding properties in bismuth oxide-doped barium borate glasses", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 57(9) 103633 (2025).
  • [20] R. Kurtulus, "Recent developments in radiation shielding glass studies: A mini-review on various glass types", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 220 111701 (2024).
  • [21] H. Özdoğan, F. Akman, Ö. Kilicoglu, Y. Gökçe, and Y.A. Üncü, "Monte Carlo simulation study on the radiation attenuation characteristics of doxorubicin-treated femur and tibia bones in rats", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 235 112841 (2025).
  • [22] H. Özdoğan, Y.A. Üncü, F. Akman, H. Polat, and M.R. Kaçal, "Detailed Analysis of Gamma-Shielding Characteristics of Ternary Composites Using Experimental, Theoretical and Monte Carlo Simulation Methods", Polymers 16(13) 1778 (2024).
  • [23] Y. Gökçe, F. Akman, Ö. Kılıçoğlu, Y. Ali Üncü, and H. Özdoğan, "Monte Carlo simulation analysis of radiation attenuation properties induced by arsenic accumulation in femur and tibia bones of rats exposed to sodium arsenite diet", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 225 112114 (2024).
  • [24] Y. Gökçe, F. Akman, Ö. Kılıçoğlu, Y.A. Üncü, and H. Özdoğan, "A pilot study of diabetes effects on radiation attenuation characteristics of tibia and femur of rats", Applied Radiation and Isotopes 208 111296 (2024).
  • [25] Y.A. Üncü, G. Sevim, O. Ağar, and H. Özdoğan, "Mass attenuation coefficient, stopping power, and penetrating distance calculations via Monte Carlo simulations for cell membranes", Kuwait Journal of Science 50(1A) (2023).
  • [26] F. Akman, M.R. Kaçal, M.I. Sayyed, and H.A. Karataş, "Study of gamma radiation attenuation properties of some selected ternary alloys", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 782 315-322 (2019).
  • [27] E.E. Saleh, M.A. Algradee, A.M. Qaid, and D.a.A. Taya, "Cd–S doped glass Shields: Structural, optical, and nuclear shielding characteristics", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 237 112969 (2025).
  • [28] M. Berger, J.H. Hubbell, S. Seltzer, J. Chang, J. Coursey, et al. XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database. https://www.nist.gov/pml/xcom-photon-cross-sections-database 2025.
  • [29] O. Agar, E. Kavaz, E.E. Altunsoy, O. Kilicoglu, H.O. Tekin, et al., "Er2O3 effects on photon and neutron shielding properties of TeO2-Li2O-ZnO-Nb2O5 glass system", Results in Physics 13 102277 (2019).
  • [30] R.S. Sundar and S.C. Deevi, "Effect of carbon addition on the strength and creep resistance of FeAl alloys", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34(10) 2233-2246 (2003).
  • [31] S.O. Seidu, S.S. Owoeye, and H.T. Owoyemi, "Assessing the effect of copper additions on the corrosion behaviour of grey cast iron", Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies 14(26) 49-58 (2015).

Saf demir ve bakır-karbon katkılı demir malzemenin radyasyon zırhlama özelliklerinin Geant4 ile araştırılması

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 23 - 31

Emre Tabar , Gamze Hoşgör , Mesut Ramazan Ekici , Ceren Aydin , Nur Iman Muttaqi

Abstract

Saf demir (Fe) ve bakır-karbon katkılı demir (Fe3Cu1C) malzemesi, geleneksel toz metalurjisi tekniği kullanılarak üretildi. Saf Fe ve Fe3Cu1C'nin gama radyasyon zırhlama özellikleri (doğrusal zayıflama katsayısı (LAC), kütle zayıflama katsayısı (MAC) ve radyasyondan korunma verimliliği (RPE)) 0,04 MeV ile 6 MeV arasındaki enerji aralığında Geant4 simülasyon araç seti ile araştırıldı. Ayrıca MAC sonuçları XCOM programından elde edilen verilerle karşılaştırıldı. Maksimum RPE değerleri 0,04 ile 0,1 MeV arasındaki düşük enerji bölgesinde gözlenir. Bu değerler Fe için %99,99 (0,04 MeV), %99,63 (0,05 MeV), %96,83 (0,06 MeV), %81,80 (0,08 MeV) ve %65,59 (0,10 MeV) iken Fe3Cu1C için %99,99, %99,55 (0,05 MeV), %96,42 (0,06 MeV), %80,68 (0,08 MeV) ve %64,26 (0,10 MeV)'dir. Elde edilen sonuçlar, üretilen Fe3Cu1C malzemesinin özellikle düşük enerjilerde gama radyasyonundan korunmak için kullanılabileceğini göstermektedir.

Keywords

Geant4 gama zırhlama toz metalurjisi

Project Number

2209A

References

  • [1] A.S. Abouhaswa, Y.S. Rammah, M.I. Sayyed, and H.O. Tekin, "Synthesis, structure, optical and gamma radiation shielding properties of B2O3-PbO2-Bi2O3 glasses", Composites Part B: Engineering 172 218-225 (2019).
  • [2] A.S. Abouhaswa, H.M.H. Zakaly, S.A.M. Issa, M. Pyshkina, R. El-Mallawany, and M.Y.A. Mostafa, "Lead borate glasses and synergistic impact of lanthanum oxide additive: optical and nuclear radiation shielding behaviors", Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Electronics 31(17) 14494-14501 (2020).
  • [3] Z. Hoşgör, M. Ünlütürk, S. Gülmez, Ü. Anıl, S. Yazan, G. Hoşgör, and E. Tabar, "Effect of SnO2 on material and radiation shielding properties in SiO2-B2O3-Na2O-K2O-ZnO glass system ", Ceramics International (accepted) (2025).
  • [4] M.I. Sayyed, M.H.A. Mhareb, B.C. Şakar, K.A. Mahmoud, E. Şakar, et al., "Experimental investigation of structural and radiation shielding features of Li2O-BaO-ZnO-B2O3-Bi2O3 glass systems", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 218 111640 (2024).
  • [5] M.R. Ekici, T. Emre, Y. Ramazan, H. Gamze, and E. and Bulut, "Investigation of the Effects of Magnesium, Iron, and Manganese on Gamma Permeability in Zinc-Based Alloys Produced by Powder Metallurgy", Nuclear Technology 1-17 (2025).
  • [6] G. Hoşgör and E. Tabar, "The investigation of the radiation shielding features of boro-tellurite glasses containing bismuth and titanium via FLUKA code", Physica Scripta 100(1) 015308 (2025).
  • [7] G. Hoşgör, E. Tabar, E. Kemah, and H. Yakut, "Influence of TiO2 content on the radiation shielding properties of the La2O3-B2O3-Gd2O3-Nb2O5-ZrO2-SiO2 glasses", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 226 112281 (2025).
  • [8] A. Acikgoz, I. Izguden, Y. Tasgin, D. Yilmaz, G. Demircan, S. Kalecik, and B. Aktas, "Influence of praseodymium oxide on the structural, mechanical and photon, charged particles, and neutron shielding properties of alumina borate glass", Ceramics International 50(19, Part A) 34573-34584 (2024).
  • [9] Y. Al-Hadeethi, M.I. Sayyed, and S.A. Tijani, "Gamma radiation attenuation properties of tellurite glasses: A comparative study", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 51(8) 2005-2012 (2019).
  • [10] M.S. Al-Buriahi, I.O. Olarinoye, S. Alomairy, I. Kebaili, R. Kaya, H. Arslan, and B.T. Tonguc, "Dense and environment friendly bismuth barium telluroborate glasses for nuclear protection applications", Progress in Nuclear Energy 137 103763 (2021).
  • [11] M.R. Ekici, E. Tabar, G. Hoşgör, E. Bulut, and A. Atasoy, "The effect of zinc, iron and manganese content on gamma shielding properties of magnesium-based alloys produced using the powder metallurgy", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 56(9) 3872-3883 (2024).
  • [12] E.O. Echeweozo, A. Norah, A. Sultan, A.Z. A., A.N. Salem, and M.S. and Al-Buriahi, "Evaluation of gamma radiation shielding characteristics of FeNbSc-based alloys", Radiation Effects and Defects in Solids 1-16 (2025).
  • [13] M. Büyükyıldız, S. Thakur, A. Levet, and P. Kaur, "Gamma-ray attenuation properties of some heavy metal ferroalloys for potential applications", Progress in Nuclear Energy 176 105382 (2024).
  • [14] A.M. El-Khatib, A.S. Doma, M.M. Abbass, M.F. Hassan, M.I. Abbas, M.M. Abd El-Latif, and M.M. Gouda, "Enhancing gamma radiation shielding properties of iron metal and natural rubber composites", Journal of Applied Polymer Science 141(30) e55690 (2024).
  • [15] B. Aygün, "High alloyed new stainless steel shielding material for gamma and fast neutron radiation", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 52(3) 647-653 (2020).
  • [16] F. Akman, M.I. Sayyed, M.R. Kaçal, and H.O. Tekin, "Investigation of photon shielding performances of some selected alloys by experimental data, theoretical and MCNPX code in the energy range of 81 keV–1333 keV", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 772 516-524 (2019).
  • [17] R. Darwesh, M.I. Sayyed, Y. Al-Hadeethi, and J.S. Alotaibi, "Synthesis and characterization of TeO2-B2O3-CaO-ZnO glass systems for improved radiation shielding performance", Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences 18(1) 101259 (2025).
  • [18] B.B. Solak, B. Aktas, D. Yilmaz, S. Kalecik, S. Yalcin, A. Acikgoz, and G. Demircan, "Exploring the radiation shielding properties of B2O3-PbO-TeO2-CeO2-WO3 glasses: A comprehensive study on structural, mechanical, gamma, and neutron attenuation characteristics", Materials Chemistry and Physics 312 128672 (2024).
  • [19] M.H. Alhakami, A.S. Abouhaswa, N.A. Althubiti, and T.A.M. Taha, "Investigation of optical and radiation shielding properties in bismuth oxide-doped barium borate glasses", Nuclear Engineering and Technology 57(9) 103633 (2025).
  • [20] R. Kurtulus, "Recent developments in radiation shielding glass studies: A mini-review on various glass types", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 220 111701 (2024).
  • [21] H. Özdoğan, F. Akman, Ö. Kilicoglu, Y. Gökçe, and Y.A. Üncü, "Monte Carlo simulation study on the radiation attenuation characteristics of doxorubicin-treated femur and tibia bones in rats", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 235 112841 (2025).
  • [22] H. Özdoğan, Y.A. Üncü, F. Akman, H. Polat, and M.R. Kaçal, "Detailed Analysis of Gamma-Shielding Characteristics of Ternary Composites Using Experimental, Theoretical and Monte Carlo Simulation Methods", Polymers 16(13) 1778 (2024).
  • [23] Y. Gökçe, F. Akman, Ö. Kılıçoğlu, Y. Ali Üncü, and H. Özdoğan, "Monte Carlo simulation analysis of radiation attenuation properties induced by arsenic accumulation in femur and tibia bones of rats exposed to sodium arsenite diet", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 225 112114 (2024).
  • [24] Y. Gökçe, F. Akman, Ö. Kılıçoğlu, Y.A. Üncü, and H. Özdoğan, "A pilot study of diabetes effects on radiation attenuation characteristics of tibia and femur of rats", Applied Radiation and Isotopes 208 111296 (2024).
  • [25] Y.A. Üncü, G. Sevim, O. Ağar, and H. Özdoğan, "Mass attenuation coefficient, stopping power, and penetrating distance calculations via Monte Carlo simulations for cell membranes", Kuwait Journal of Science 50(1A) (2023).
  • [26] F. Akman, M.R. Kaçal, M.I. Sayyed, and H.A. Karataş, "Study of gamma radiation attenuation properties of some selected ternary alloys", Journal of Alloys and Compounds 782 315-322 (2019).
  • [27] E.E. Saleh, M.A. Algradee, A.M. Qaid, and D.a.A. Taya, "Cd–S doped glass Shields: Structural, optical, and nuclear shielding characteristics", Radiation Physics and Chemistry 237 112969 (2025).
  • [28] M. Berger, J.H. Hubbell, S. Seltzer, J. Chang, J. Coursey, et al. XCOM: Photon Cross Sections Database. https://www.nist.gov/pml/xcom-photon-cross-sections-database 2025.
  • [29] O. Agar, E. Kavaz, E.E. Altunsoy, O. Kilicoglu, H.O. Tekin, et al., "Er2O3 effects on photon and neutron shielding properties of TeO2-Li2O-ZnO-Nb2O5 glass system", Results in Physics 13 102277 (2019).
  • [30] R.S. Sundar and S.C. Deevi, "Effect of carbon addition on the strength and creep resistance of FeAl alloys", Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A 34(10) 2233-2246 (2003).
  • [31] S.O. Seidu, S.S. Owoeye, and H.T. Owoyemi, "Assessing the effect of copper additions on the corrosion behaviour of grey cast iron", Leonardo Electronic Journal of Practices and Technologies 14(26) 49-58 (2015).
There are 31 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nuclear Physics
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Emre Tabar 0000-0002-5093-9409

Gamze Hoşgör 0000-0001-5589-9824

Mesut Ramazan Ekici 0000-0002-3024-2567

Ceren Aydin 0009-0009-8259-2305

Nur Iman Muttaqi 0009-0006-8025-4394

Project Number 2209A
Early Pub Date July 22, 2025
Publication Date
Submission Date May 27, 2025
Acceptance Date June 21, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Tabar, E., Hoşgör, G., Ekici, M. R., Aydin, C., et al. (2025). Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4. Journal of Nuclear Sciences, 9(2), 23-31.
AMA Tabar E, Hoşgör G, Ekici MR, Aydin C, Muttaqi NI. Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. July 2025;9(2):23-31.
Chicago Tabar, Emre, Gamze Hoşgör, Mesut Ramazan Ekici, Ceren Aydin, and Nur Iman Muttaqi. “Investigation of Radiation Shielding Properties of Pure Iron and Copper-Carbon-Doped Iron Material With Geant4”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9, no. 2 (July 2025): 23-31.
EndNote Tabar E, Hoşgör G, Ekici MR, Aydin C, Muttaqi NI (July 1, 2025) Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9 2 23–31.
IEEE E. Tabar, G. Hoşgör, M. R. Ekici, C. Aydin, and N. I. Muttaqi, “Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4”, Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 23–31, 2025.
ISNAD Tabar, Emre et al. “Investigation of Radiation Shielding Properties of Pure Iron and Copper-Carbon-Doped Iron Material With Geant4”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9/2 (July 2025), 23-31.
JAMA Tabar E, Hoşgör G, Ekici MR, Aydin C, Muttaqi NI. Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2025;9:23–31.
MLA Tabar, Emre et al. “Investigation of Radiation Shielding Properties of Pure Iron and Copper-Carbon-Doped Iron Material With Geant4”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 2, 2025, pp. 23-31.
Vancouver Tabar E, Hoşgör G, Ekici MR, Aydin C, Muttaqi NI. Investigation of radiation shielding properties of pure iron and copper-carbon-doped Iron material with Geant4. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2025;9(2):23-31.