Journal of Nuclear Sciences
Research Article
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Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital

Year 2021, Volume 8, Issue 1, 10 - 16, 22.11.2022

Muhammad WAQAR Touqır Ahamd AFRIDI Quratulain SOOMRO Muhammad QASİM

Abstract

The risks related to the radiation exposures cannot be eradicated, but can be minimized by implementing radiation safety culture in the hot-labs. This study aimed to measure background radiation levels in hot-laboratory, arguably the area with the highest radiation level, where all radiopharmaceuticals are prepared in a cancer hospital.
Ten distinct locations inside the hot-lab were periodically monitored with a pre-calibrated RM1001-RD LAMSE radiation survey meter for the period of one year. Daily dose rates were recorded and AEDR was calculated using standard notations.
The dose rates on selected points were found ranging from 0.12 to 0.21 μSv/h while the Annual Effective Doses were found a maximum rate of 1.47±0.04 mSv/y and minimum 0.85 ± 0.03 mSv/y. These findings show t-test values with a level of significance of 5% (P<0.05). It is concluded that the dose rates in our setup are negligible as per the NRC dose limit of 20 μSv/h and AEDR is about 58% of the radiation limit of 2.4 mSv/y recommended by UNSCEAR. Therefore, the hot-lab technologist is radio-biologically safe inside hot-lab with this setup having strict compliance with radiation protection protocols. This study give some findings about undue radiophobia in the hot-lab technologists worked in the Nuclear Medicine departments of cancer hospitals.

Keywords

Background Radiation, SSDL, Effective Dose, AEDR

References

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  • [2] M. Waqar, T. A. Afridi, Q. Soomro, and A. S. Abbasi, “Measurement of Ambient Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Operating Consoles of Radiation Modalities in Cancer Hospital,” J. Eng. Res. Sci., vol. 1, no. May, pp. 7–12, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.55708/js0106002.
  • [3] R. E. Henkin, Nuclear Medicine, no. v. 2. Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
  • [4] ORPGUIDE - Occupational Radiation Protection - IAEA Safety Standards Series. Vienna: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.
  • [5] M. M. Ahasan, “Assessment of radiation dose in nuclear medicine hot lab,” 2004.
  • [6] I. TECDOC, “602. Quality control of nuclear medicine instruments 1991. ISSN 1011–4289,” Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
  • [7] Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation, no. SSG-46. Vienna: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, 2018.
  • [8] D. L. Bailey and J. L. Humm, Nuclear medicine physics: a handbook for teachers and students. Iaea, 2014.
  • [9] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, and M. E. Khan, “Performance of Tc-99m Generators in Terms of Molybdenum Contents Measured in NORIN Nawabshah, Pakistan (5 years’ Experience),” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 285–289, 2019.
  • [10] B. Brooks, S. McDonald, and E. Richardson, “Occupational radiation exposure. Fifteenth and sixteenth annual reports, 1982 and 1983. Volumes 4 and 5,” Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA). Div. of Radiation …, 1985.
  • [11] S. S. Althoyaib and A. El-Taher, “The measurement of radon and radium concentrations in well water from Al-Jawaa, Saudi Arabia,” J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol. 304, pp. 547–552, 2015.
  • [12] F. Alshahri, A. El-Taher, and A. E. A. Elzain, “Measurement of radon exhalation rate and annual effective dose from marine sediments, ras tanura, Saudi Arabia, using Cr-39 detectors,” Rom. J. Phys., vol. 64, p. 811, 2019.
  • [13] A. Razaq, M. Waqar, Q. Soomro, and M. A. Javed, “Evaluation of radiation workers occupational doses for newly established medical center NORIN Nawabshah in Pakistan,” J Med Phys Biophys, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61–65, 2016.
  • [14] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, and M. N. Abro, “Institution-based assessment of cancer patients treated by external beam radiotherapy in the rural area of Sindh, Pakistan: Five years of data analysis,” Middle East J. Cancer, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 217–222, 2018.
  • [15] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, T. A. Afridi, and N. Med, “Assessment of residual activities of Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals to plastic syringes in nuclear medicine scans : 1-year experience at NORIN,” vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–6, doi: https://doi.org/10.24911/PJNMed.175-1636355717.
  • [16] N. Y. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) NY (United States), Sources and effects of ionizing radiation UNSCEAR 2000 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes Volume I: Sources. United Nations (UN): UN, 2000.
  • [17] U. Rilwan, A. U. Maisalatee, and M. Jafar, “Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Radiation Exposure in Nasarawa General Hospital, Nasarawa State, Nigeria,” J. Radiat. Nucl. Appl. An Int. J., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 245–249, 2021.
  • [18] I. Akinlade Bidemi and O. Kelani Sherif, “Assessment of Radiation Dose in Nuclear Medicine Controlled Areas: Hot Lab, Injection and Isolated Rooms,” Assessment, vol. 31, no. 8, 2019.
  • [19] New Zealand Ministry of Health - Office of Radiation Safety, “Code of Practice for Nuclear Medicine. ORS C2,” p. 30, 2019.
  • [20] N. Fatima, M. uz Zaman, M. K. Iqbal, A. Rameez, and Q. Ain, “Exposure Rate in Hot Waiting Area of Small but Busy Nuclear Medicine Department:‘Meter Matters,’” PJR, vol. 26, no. 3, 2016.
  • [21] L. K. Harding, A. Bossuyt, S. Pellet, C. Reiners, and J. Talbot, “Radiation doses to those accompanying nuclear medicine department patients: a waiting room survey,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1223–1226, 1994.
  • [22] K. Alzimami, A. Sulieman, and M. Alkhorayef, “Ambient and occuptional radiation dosimetry in nuclear medicine.” Soc Nuclear Med, 2015.
  • [23] K. A. Quadir, N. Khatun, M. A. Hoque, and A. Begum, “Improvement of Hot Laboratory Facilities in Nuclear Medicine,” Bangladesh J. Med. Phys., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 37–40, 2012.
  • [24] E. Ibis, C. R. Wilson, B. D. Collier, G. Akansel, A. T. Isitman, and R. G. Yoss, “Iodine-131 contamination from thyroid cancer patients,” J. Nucl. Med., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2110–2115, 1992.
  • [25] F. O. Roberts et al., “Radiation dose to PET technologists and strategies to lower occupational exposure,” J. Nucl. Med. Technol., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 44–47, 2005.
  • [26] L. I. Nwankwo, D. F. Adeoti, and A. J. Folarin, “Ionizing radiation measurements and assay of corresponding dose rate around bottling and pharmaceutical facilities in Ilorin, Nigeria,” J. Sci. Technol., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 84–92, 2014.
  • [27] F. B. Masok, R. R. Dawam, and E. W. Mangset, “Assessment of indoor and outdoor background radiation levels in Plateau State University Bokkos Jos, Nigeria,” 2015.
  • [28] T. Atsue and J. Adegboyega, “Assessment of the Ambient Background Radiation Levels at the Take-Off Campus of Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State-Nigeria,” FUDMA J. Sci. Maiden Ed., vol. 1, pp. 58–68, 2017.
  • [29] U. N. S. C. on the E. of A. Radiation, “Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, ANNEX B, Exposures from natural radiation sources,” UNSCEAR 2000 REPORT, New York, vol. 1, pp. 97–99, 2000.
  • [30] D. E. Lewis, E. Dickson, and D. A. Hagemeyer, Occupational Radiation Exposure at Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors and Other Facilities 2007 Fortieth Annual Report, vol. 29. 2008.

Year 2021, Volume 8, Issue 1, 10 - 16, 22.11.2022

Muhammad WAQAR Touqır Ahamd AFRIDI Quratulain SOOMRO Muhammad QASİM

Abstract

References

  • Reference 1 [1] P. E. Ogola, W. M. Arika, D. W. Nyamai, K. O. Osano, and H. O. Rachuonyo, “Determination of background ionizing radiations in selected buildings in Nairobi County, Kenya,” J Nucl. Med. Radiat. Ther, vol. 7, no. 1, p. 289, 2016.
  • [2] M. Waqar, T. A. Afridi, Q. Soomro, and A. S. Abbasi, “Measurement of Ambient Ionizing Radiation Exposure in Operating Consoles of Radiation Modalities in Cancer Hospital,” J. Eng. Res. Sci., vol. 1, no. May, pp. 7–12, 2022, [Online]. Available: https://dx.doi.org/10.55708/js0106002.
  • [3] R. E. Henkin, Nuclear Medicine, no. v. 2. Mosby Elsevier, 2006.
  • [4] ORPGUIDE - Occupational Radiation Protection - IAEA Safety Standards Series. Vienna: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY.
  • [5] M. M. Ahasan, “Assessment of radiation dose in nuclear medicine hot lab,” 2004.
  • [6] I. TECDOC, “602. Quality control of nuclear medicine instruments 1991. ISSN 1011–4289,” Int. At. Energy Agency, Vienna.
  • [7] Radiation Protection and Safety in Medical Uses of Ionizing Radiation, no. SSG-46. Vienna: INTERNATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY AGENCY, 2018.
  • [8] D. L. Bailey and J. L. Humm, Nuclear medicine physics: a handbook for teachers and students. Iaea, 2014.
  • [9] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, and M. E. Khan, “Performance of Tc-99m Generators in Terms of Molybdenum Contents Measured in NORIN Nawabshah, Pakistan (5 years’ Experience),” Iran. J. Sci. Technol. Trans. A Sci., vol. 43, no. 1, pp. 285–289, 2019.
  • [10] B. Brooks, S. McDonald, and E. Richardson, “Occupational radiation exposure. Fifteenth and sixteenth annual reports, 1982 and 1983. Volumes 4 and 5,” Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, DC (USA). Div. of Radiation …, 1985.
  • [11] S. S. Althoyaib and A. El-Taher, “The measurement of radon and radium concentrations in well water from Al-Jawaa, Saudi Arabia,” J Radioanal Nucl Chem, vol. 304, pp. 547–552, 2015.
  • [12] F. Alshahri, A. El-Taher, and A. E. A. Elzain, “Measurement of radon exhalation rate and annual effective dose from marine sediments, ras tanura, Saudi Arabia, using Cr-39 detectors,” Rom. J. Phys., vol. 64, p. 811, 2019.
  • [13] A. Razaq, M. Waqar, Q. Soomro, and M. A. Javed, “Evaluation of radiation workers occupational doses for newly established medical center NORIN Nawabshah in Pakistan,” J Med Phys Biophys, vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 61–65, 2016.
  • [14] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, and M. N. Abro, “Institution-based assessment of cancer patients treated by external beam radiotherapy in the rural area of Sindh, Pakistan: Five years of data analysis,” Middle East J. Cancer, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 217–222, 2018.
  • [15] M. Waqar, M. Shahban, Q. Soomro, T. A. Afridi, and N. Med, “Assessment of residual activities of Technetium-99m radiopharmaceuticals to plastic syringes in nuclear medicine scans : 1-year experience at NORIN,” vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 1–6, doi: https://doi.org/10.24911/PJNMed.175-1636355717.
  • [16] N. Y. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) NY (United States), Sources and effects of ionizing radiation UNSCEAR 2000 report to the General Assembly, with scientific annexes Volume I: Sources. United Nations (UN): UN, 2000.
  • [17] U. Rilwan, A. U. Maisalatee, and M. Jafar, “Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Radiation Exposure in Nasarawa General Hospital, Nasarawa State, Nigeria,” J. Radiat. Nucl. Appl. An Int. J., vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 245–249, 2021.
  • [18] I. Akinlade Bidemi and O. Kelani Sherif, “Assessment of Radiation Dose in Nuclear Medicine Controlled Areas: Hot Lab, Injection and Isolated Rooms,” Assessment, vol. 31, no. 8, 2019.
  • [19] New Zealand Ministry of Health - Office of Radiation Safety, “Code of Practice for Nuclear Medicine. ORS C2,” p. 30, 2019.
  • [20] N. Fatima, M. uz Zaman, M. K. Iqbal, A. Rameez, and Q. Ain, “Exposure Rate in Hot Waiting Area of Small but Busy Nuclear Medicine Department:‘Meter Matters,’” PJR, vol. 26, no. 3, 2016.
  • [21] L. K. Harding, A. Bossuyt, S. Pellet, C. Reiners, and J. Talbot, “Radiation doses to those accompanying nuclear medicine department patients: a waiting room survey,” Eur. J. Nucl. Med., vol. 21, no. 11, pp. 1223–1226, 1994.
  • [22] K. Alzimami, A. Sulieman, and M. Alkhorayef, “Ambient and occuptional radiation dosimetry in nuclear medicine.” Soc Nuclear Med, 2015.
  • [23] K. A. Quadir, N. Khatun, M. A. Hoque, and A. Begum, “Improvement of Hot Laboratory Facilities in Nuclear Medicine,” Bangladesh J. Med. Phys., vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 37–40, 2012.
  • [24] E. Ibis, C. R. Wilson, B. D. Collier, G. Akansel, A. T. Isitman, and R. G. Yoss, “Iodine-131 contamination from thyroid cancer patients,” J. Nucl. Med., vol. 33, no. 12, pp. 2110–2115, 1992.
  • [25] F. O. Roberts et al., “Radiation dose to PET technologists and strategies to lower occupational exposure,” J. Nucl. Med. Technol., vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 44–47, 2005.
  • [26] L. I. Nwankwo, D. F. Adeoti, and A. J. Folarin, “Ionizing radiation measurements and assay of corresponding dose rate around bottling and pharmaceutical facilities in Ilorin, Nigeria,” J. Sci. Technol., vol. 34, no. 2, pp. 84–92, 2014.
  • [27] F. B. Masok, R. R. Dawam, and E. W. Mangset, “Assessment of indoor and outdoor background radiation levels in Plateau State University Bokkos Jos, Nigeria,” 2015.
  • [28] T. Atsue and J. Adegboyega, “Assessment of the Ambient Background Radiation Levels at the Take-Off Campus of Federal University Dutsin-Ma, Katsina State-Nigeria,” FUDMA J. Sci. Maiden Ed., vol. 1, pp. 58–68, 2017.
  • [29] U. N. S. C. on the E. of A. Radiation, “Sources and effects of ionizing radiation, ANNEX B, Exposures from natural radiation sources,” UNSCEAR 2000 REPORT, New York, vol. 1, pp. 97–99, 2000.
  • [30] D. E. Lewis, E. Dickson, and D. A. Hagemeyer, Occupational Radiation Exposure at Commercial Nuclear Power Reactors and Other Facilities 2007 Fortieth Annual Report, vol. 29. 2008.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Engineering
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Muhammad WAQAR> (Primary Author)
Medical Physics Division, Nuclear Medicine Oncology and Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN)
0000-0002-6533-9326
Pakistan

Touqır Ahamd AFRIDI This is me
Medical Physics Division, Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN), Pakistan
0000-0002-6801-1000
Pakistan

Quratulain SOOMRO This is me
NM & Allied Division, Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN), Pakistan
0000-0002-7728-4393
Pakistan

Muhammad QASİM This is me
NM & Allied Division, Nuclear Medicine Oncology & Radiotherapy Institute Nawabshah (NORIN), Pakistan
0000-0002-7445-0173
Pakistan

Publication Date November 22, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2021, Volume 8Issue 1

Cite

Bibtex @research article { ankujns1137520, journal = {Journal of Nuclear Sciences}, issn = {2147-7736}, eissn = {2148-3981}, address = {}, publisher = {Ankara University}, year = {2022}, volume = {8}, number = {1}, pages = {10 - 16}, title = {Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital}, key = {cite}, author = {Waqar, Muhammad and Afrıdı, Touqır Ahamd and Soomro, Quratulain and Qasim, Muhammad} }
APA Waqar, M. , Afrıdı, T. A. , Soomro, Q. & Qasim, M. (2022). Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital . Journal of Nuclear Sciences , 8 (1) , 10-16 . Retrieved from http://jns.ankara.edu.tr/en/pub/issue/73496/1137520
MLA Waqar, M. , Afrıdı, T. A. , Soomro, Q. , Qasim, M. "Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital" . Journal of Nuclear Sciences 8 (2022 ): 10-16 <http://jns.ankara.edu.tr/en/pub/issue/73496/1137520>
Chicago Waqar, M. , Afrıdı, T. A. , Soomro, Q. , Qasim, M. "Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital". Journal of Nuclear Sciences 8 (2022 ): 10-16
RIS TY - JOUR T1 - Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital AU - MuhammadWaqar, Touqır AhamdAfrıdı, QuratulainSoomro, MuhammadQasim Y1 - 2022 PY - 2022 N1 - DO - T2 - Journal of Nuclear Sciences JF - Journal JO - JOR SP - 10 EP - 16 VL - 8 IS - 1 SN - 2147-7736-2148-3981 M3 - UR - Y2 - 2022 ER -
EndNote %0 Journal of Nuclear Sciences Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital %A Muhammad Waqar , Touqır Ahamd Afrıdı , Quratulain Soomro , Muhammad Qasim %T Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital %D 2022 %J Journal of Nuclear Sciences %P 2147-7736-2148-3981 %V 8 %N 1 %R %U
ISNAD Waqar, Muhammad , Afrıdı, Touqır Ahamd , Soomro, Quratulain , Qasim, Muhammad . "Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital". Journal of Nuclear Sciences 8 / 1 (November 2022): 10-16 .
AMA Waqar M. , Afrıdı T. A. , Soomro Q. , Qasim M. Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2022; 8(1): 10-16.
Vancouver Waqar M. , Afrıdı T. A. , Soomro Q. , Qasim M. Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2022; 8(1): 10-16.
IEEE M. Waqar , T. A. Afrıdı , Q. Soomro and M. Qasim , "Evaluation of Ionizing Radiation Profile in Hot-Lab of Nuclear Medicine Department to Eliminate Undue Radiation Phobia of Technologists in Cancer Hospital", Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 10-16, Nov. 2022