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Wetlands Under the Pressure of Anthropogenic Impacts and Climate Change: Van Castle and Its Surroundings Natural Protected Area Example

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 1139 - 1154, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1196351

Öz

Wetlands, which are vulnerable to climate change and other anthropogenic impacts, are among the most productive and carbon-rich areas in the ecosystem. Coastal wetlands, in particular, are threatened by anthropogenic interventions such as land reclamation, urbanization, and road construction. This study focuses on Van Castle and its Surrounding Natural Protected Area, which represents a coastal wetland. Through appropriate spatial correlation and regression methods, the analysis and evaluations reveal trends of both increasing and decreasing variables related to climate change. Measurements based on satellite imagery indicate significant damage and land use changes in the wetland area due to land reclamation and road construction. The analysis of CORINE land cover maps also supports the decrease in wetland areas. The study concludes that approximately 353,000 m² of land has been reclaimed and 8.5 km of roads have been built, resulting in the exclusion of ecosystem services equivalent to the intervened area within the city. To prevent further degradation, it is crucial to designate this area as a strictly protected or qualified conservation zone.

Kaynakça

  • Alikhani, S., Nummi, P., & Ojala, A. (2021). Urban wetlands: A review on ecological and cultural values. Water, 13(22), 3301. doi.org/10.3390/w13223301
  • Anonim, (2019). Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Hizmet İçi Eğitimi. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Anonim, (2022a). Wetlands: Key Enablers for a Resilient and Sustainable Recovery.https://ramsar.org/resources/wetlands-key-enablers-for-a-resilient-and-sustainable-recovery Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2022
  • Anonim, (2022b). Wetlands, United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/wetlands Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2022.
  • Bulut, H., Yeşilata, B., & Yeşilnacar, M. İ. (2006, Nisan). Atatürk baraj gölünün bölge iklimi üzerine etkisinin trend analizi ile tespiti. GAP V. Mühendislik Kongresi, 79, 86.
  • Chen, H., Zhang, W., Gao, H., & Nie, N. (2018). Climate change and anthropogenic impacts on wetland and agriculture in the Songnen and Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Remote Sensing, 10(3), 356. doi.org/10.3390/rs10030356
  • Dangles, O., Rabatel, A., Kraemer, M., Zeballos, G., Soruco, A., Jacobsen, D., & Anthelme, F. (2017). Ecosystem sentinels for climate change? Evidence of wetland cover changes over the last 30 years in the tropical Andes. PloS One, 12(5), e0175814.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175814
  • Erwin, K. L. (2009). Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland restoration in a changing world. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 17(1), 71-84. doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1
  • Global Wetland Outlook. (2018). Wetlands are being lost at alarming rates. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.global-wetland-outlook.ramsar.org/ Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2022.
  • Gopal, B. (2013). Future of wetlands in tropical and subtropical Asia, especially in the face of climate change. Aquatic Sciences, 75, 39-61. doi.org/10.1007/s00027-011-0247-y
  • IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • Junk, W. J., An, S., Finlayson, C. M., Gopal, B., Květ, J., Mitchell, S. A., ... & Robarts, R. D. (2013). Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis. Aquatic Sciences, 75, 151-167. doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z
  • Kurak, M. (2013). İzmir'e su sağlayan kuyularda yer altı suyu seviye salınımlarının stokastik analizi. (PhD), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, DEÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Kusler, J. (2003). Wetlands and Watershed Management, Institute for Wetland Science and Public Policy of the Association of State Wetland Managers, Publication Number: 28.
  • Lee, S. Y., Ryan, M. E., Hamlet, A. F., Palen, W. J., Lawler, J. J., & Halabisky, M. (2015). Projecting the hydrologic impacts of climate change on montane wetlands. Plos One, 10(11), e0142960. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136385
  • Majeed, M., Tariq, A., Anwar, M. M., Khan, A. M., Arshad, F., Mumtaz, F., … & Shaukat, S. (2021). Monitoring of land use-land cover change and potential causal factors of climate change in jhelum district, punjab, pakistan, through gıs and multi-temporal satellite data. Land, 10, 1026. doi.org/10.3390/land10101026
  • McLeod, A. I. (2011). Kendall: Kendall rank correlation and Mann-Kendall trend test. R package version 2.2. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Kendall/Kendall.pdf
  • Michener, W. K., Blood, E. R., Bildstein, K. L., Brinson, M. M., & Gardner, L. R. (1997). Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 770-801. doi.org/10.2307/2269434
  • Morelli, T. L., Barrows, C. W., Ramirez, A. R., Cartwright, J. M., Ackerly, D. D., … & Thorne, J. H. (2020). Climate‐change refugia: biodiversity in the slow lane. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(5), 225-308. doi.org/10.1002/fee.2189
  • Mumtaz, F., Arshad, A., Mirchi, A., Tariq, A., Dilawar, A., Hussain, S., Shi, S., Noor, R., Noor, R., Daccache, A., Siddique, M. A., Bashir, B., Li, L., Wang, D., & Tao, Y. (2021). Impacts of reduced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on coastal marine eco-system during substantial shift in human activities in the twenty-first century. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12, 2023-2047. doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1949396
  • Osland, M. J., Gabler, C. A., Grace, J. B., Day, R. H., McCoy, M. L., McLeod, J. L., From, A. S., Enwright, N. M., Feher, L. C., Stagg, C. L., & Hartley, S. B. (2018). Climate and plant controls on soil organic matter in coastal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 24(11), 5361-5379. doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14376
  • Osman, E. (2013). Sulak Alanların Önemi, İşlev ve Değerleri. Sulak Alanlar, T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • RC. (2014). The convention on wetlands and its mission. The ramsar convention. https://www.ramsar.org/about/the-convention-on-wetlands-and-its-mission Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2022.
  • R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • RCS. (2006). The Ramsar Convention Manual: a guide to the convention on wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), 4th ed. Gland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
  • Saintilan, N., Rogers, K., Kelleway, J. J., Ens, E., & Sloane, D. R. (2019). Climate change impacts on the coastal wetlands of Australia. Wetlands, 39(6), 1145-1154. doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1016-7
  • Salimi, S., Almuktar, S. A., & Scholz, M. (2021). Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112160. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112160
  • Sintayehu, D. W. (2018). Impact of climate change on biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services in Africa: a systematic review. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 4:9, 225-239, doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1530054
  • Taillardat, P., Thompson, B. S., Garneau, M., Trottier, K., & Friess, D. A. (2020). Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Interface Focus, 10(5), 20190129. doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129
  • Tong, L., Xu, X., Fu, Y., & Li, S. (2014). Wetland changes and their responses to climate change in the “three-river headwaters” region of China since the 1990s. Energies, 7(4), 2515-2534. doi.org/10.3390/en7042515
  • Uğurlu, Ö., & Somuncu, M. (2019, Haziran). Mogan ve Eymir Gölleri ekosistem hizmetlerinin Ankara kenti için öneminin değerlendirilmesi. 1. İstanbul Uluslararası Coğrafya Kongresi. İstanbul. Türkiye.
  • Vélez, J. M. M., García, S. B., & Tenorio, A. E. (2018). Policies in coastal wetlands: Key challenges. Environmental Science & Policy, 88, 72-82. doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.016
  • Winter, T. C. (2000). The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: a hydrologic landscape perspective. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(2), 305-311. doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04269.x
  • Zhang, Z., Zimmermann, N. E., Stenke, A., Li, X., Hodson, E. L., Zhu, G., ... & Poulter, B. (2017). Emerging role of wetland methane emissions in driving 21st century climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(36), 9647-9652.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618765114

Antropojenik Etkiler ve İklim Değişikliği Baskısı Altında Sulak Alanlar: Van Kalesi ve Çevresi Doğal Sit Alanı Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3, 1139 - 1154, 29.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1196351

Öz

İklim değişikliği ve diğer antropojenik etkilere karşı kırılgan olan sulak alanlar, ekosistemdeki en verimli ve karbon açısından zengin bölgeler arasındadır. Özellikle kıyı sulak alanları, dolgu, yapılaşma ve yol gibi insan kaynaklı müdahalelerle tehdit altındadır. Çalışma, bir kıyı sulak alanı olan Van Kalesi ve Çevresi Doğal Sit Alanı ele almaktadır. Uygun mekânsal korelasyon ve regresyon yöntemleri kullanılarak yapılan analiz ve değerlendirmeler sonucunda, iklim değişikliği değişkenlerinde artma ve azalma eğilimleri olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Uydu görüntüleriyle yapılan ölçümler sulak alanda dolgu ve yol yapımı sebebiyle önemli oranda tahribat ve arazi kullanımı değişimi olduğunu göstermektedir. CORINE arazi örtüsü haritalarının analiz sonuçları arazi örtüsü değişimini desteklemekte ve sulak alanlarda azalma olduğunu göstermektedir. Çalışma sonucunda, alana yaklaşık 353.000 m² dolgu ve 8.5 km yol yapıldığı ve dolayısıyla şehirde müdahale edilen alan kadar ekosistem hizmetinin devre dışı kaldığı tespit edilmiştir. Daha büyük tahribatları önlemek amacıyla, alanın kesin korunacak alan ya da nitelikli koruma alanı olarak tescillenmesi gerekmektedir.

Destekleyen Kurum

1. Yazar 100/2000 Doktora Bursiyeridir

Kaynakça

  • Alikhani, S., Nummi, P., & Ojala, A. (2021). Urban wetlands: A review on ecological and cultural values. Water, 13(22), 3301. doi.org/10.3390/w13223301
  • Anonim, (2019). Su Kalitesi Yönetimi Hizmet İçi Eğitimi. T.C. Tarım ve Orman Bakanlığı.
  • Anonim, (2022a). Wetlands: Key Enablers for a Resilient and Sustainable Recovery.https://ramsar.org/resources/wetlands-key-enablers-for-a-resilient-and-sustainable-recovery Erişim tarihi: 02.06.2022
  • Anonim, (2022b). Wetlands, United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/wetlands Erişim tarihi: 25.08.2022.
  • Bulut, H., Yeşilata, B., & Yeşilnacar, M. İ. (2006, Nisan). Atatürk baraj gölünün bölge iklimi üzerine etkisinin trend analizi ile tespiti. GAP V. Mühendislik Kongresi, 79, 86.
  • Chen, H., Zhang, W., Gao, H., & Nie, N. (2018). Climate change and anthropogenic impacts on wetland and agriculture in the Songnen and Sanjiang Plain, Northeast China. Remote Sensing, 10(3), 356. doi.org/10.3390/rs10030356
  • Dangles, O., Rabatel, A., Kraemer, M., Zeballos, G., Soruco, A., Jacobsen, D., & Anthelme, F. (2017). Ecosystem sentinels for climate change? Evidence of wetland cover changes over the last 30 years in the tropical Andes. PloS One, 12(5), e0175814.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0175814
  • Erwin, K. L. (2009). Wetlands and global climate change: the role of wetland restoration in a changing world. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 17(1), 71-84. doi.org/10.1007/s11273-008-9119-1
  • Global Wetland Outlook. (2018). Wetlands are being lost at alarming rates. Ramsar Convention on Wetlands. https://www.global-wetland-outlook.ramsar.org/ Erişim tarihi: 24.04.2022.
  • Gopal, B. (2013). Future of wetlands in tropical and subtropical Asia, especially in the face of climate change. Aquatic Sciences, 75, 39-61. doi.org/10.1007/s00027-011-0247-y
  • IPCC. (2013). Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change [Stocker, T.F., D. Qin, G.-K. Plattner, M. Tignor, S.K. Allen, J. Boschung, A. Nauels, Y. Xia, V. Bex and P.M. Midgley (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, NY, USA.
  • Junk, W. J., An, S., Finlayson, C. M., Gopal, B., Květ, J., Mitchell, S. A., ... & Robarts, R. D. (2013). Current state of knowledge regarding the world’s wetlands and their future under global climate change: a synthesis. Aquatic Sciences, 75, 151-167. doi.org/10.1007/s00027-012-0278-z
  • Kurak, M. (2013). İzmir'e su sağlayan kuyularda yer altı suyu seviye salınımlarının stokastik analizi. (PhD), Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, DEÜ Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir, Türkiye.
  • Kusler, J. (2003). Wetlands and Watershed Management, Institute for Wetland Science and Public Policy of the Association of State Wetland Managers, Publication Number: 28.
  • Lee, S. Y., Ryan, M. E., Hamlet, A. F., Palen, W. J., Lawler, J. J., & Halabisky, M. (2015). Projecting the hydrologic impacts of climate change on montane wetlands. Plos One, 10(11), e0142960. doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0136385
  • Majeed, M., Tariq, A., Anwar, M. M., Khan, A. M., Arshad, F., Mumtaz, F., … & Shaukat, S. (2021). Monitoring of land use-land cover change and potential causal factors of climate change in jhelum district, punjab, pakistan, through gıs and multi-temporal satellite data. Land, 10, 1026. doi.org/10.3390/land10101026
  • McLeod, A. I. (2011). Kendall: Kendall rank correlation and Mann-Kendall trend test. R package version 2.2. https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/Kendall/Kendall.pdf
  • Michener, W. K., Blood, E. R., Bildstein, K. L., Brinson, M. M., & Gardner, L. R. (1997). Climate change, hurricanes and tropical storms, and rising sea level in coastal wetlands. Ecological Applications, 7(3), 770-801. doi.org/10.2307/2269434
  • Morelli, T. L., Barrows, C. W., Ramirez, A. R., Cartwright, J. M., Ackerly, D. D., … & Thorne, J. H. (2020). Climate‐change refugia: biodiversity in the slow lane. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 18(5), 225-308. doi.org/10.1002/fee.2189
  • Mumtaz, F., Arshad, A., Mirchi, A., Tariq, A., Dilawar, A., Hussain, S., Shi, S., Noor, R., Noor, R., Daccache, A., Siddique, M. A., Bashir, B., Li, L., Wang, D., & Tao, Y. (2021). Impacts of reduced deposition of atmospheric nitrogen on coastal marine eco-system during substantial shift in human activities in the twenty-first century. Geomatics, Natural Hazards and Risk, 12, 2023-2047. doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2021.1949396
  • Osland, M. J., Gabler, C. A., Grace, J. B., Day, R. H., McCoy, M. L., McLeod, J. L., From, A. S., Enwright, N. M., Feher, L. C., Stagg, C. L., & Hartley, S. B. (2018). Climate and plant controls on soil organic matter in coastal wetlands. Global Change Biology, 24(11), 5361-5379. doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14376
  • Osman, E. (2013). Sulak Alanların Önemi, İşlev ve Değerleri. Sulak Alanlar, T.C. Orman ve Su İşleri Bakanlığı Doğa Koruma ve Milli Parklar Genel Müdürlüğü.
  • RC. (2014). The convention on wetlands and its mission. The ramsar convention. https://www.ramsar.org/about/the-convention-on-wetlands-and-its-mission Erişim tarihi: 02.04.2022.
  • R Core Team. (2020). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. https://www.R-project.org/.
  • RCS. (2006). The Ramsar Convention Manual: a guide to the convention on wetlands (Ramsar, Iran, 1971), 4th ed. Gland: Ramsar Convention Secretariat.
  • Saintilan, N., Rogers, K., Kelleway, J. J., Ens, E., & Sloane, D. R. (2019). Climate change impacts on the coastal wetlands of Australia. Wetlands, 39(6), 1145-1154. doi.org/10.1007/s13157-018-1016-7
  • Salimi, S., Almuktar, S. A., & Scholz, M. (2021). Impact of climate change on wetland ecosystems: A critical review of experimental wetlands. Journal of Environmental Management, 286, 112160. doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112160
  • Sintayehu, D. W. (2018). Impact of climate change on biodiversity and associated key ecosystem services in Africa: a systematic review. Ecosystem Health and Sustainability, 4:9, 225-239, doi.org/10.1080/20964129.2018.1530054
  • Taillardat, P., Thompson, B. S., Garneau, M., Trottier, K., & Friess, D. A. (2020). Climate change mitigation potential of wetlands and the cost-effectiveness of their restoration. Interface Focus, 10(5), 20190129. doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2019.0129
  • Tong, L., Xu, X., Fu, Y., & Li, S. (2014). Wetland changes and their responses to climate change in the “three-river headwaters” region of China since the 1990s. Energies, 7(4), 2515-2534. doi.org/10.3390/en7042515
  • Uğurlu, Ö., & Somuncu, M. (2019, Haziran). Mogan ve Eymir Gölleri ekosistem hizmetlerinin Ankara kenti için öneminin değerlendirilmesi. 1. İstanbul Uluslararası Coğrafya Kongresi. İstanbul. Türkiye.
  • Vélez, J. M. M., García, S. B., & Tenorio, A. E. (2018). Policies in coastal wetlands: Key challenges. Environmental Science & Policy, 88, 72-82. doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.06.016
  • Winter, T. C. (2000). The vulnerability of wetlands to climate change: a hydrologic landscape perspective. JAWRA Journal of the American Water Resources Association, 36(2), 305-311. doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2000.tb04269.x
  • Zhang, Z., Zimmermann, N. E., Stenke, A., Li, X., Hodson, E. L., Zhu, G., ... & Poulter, B. (2017). Emerging role of wetland methane emissions in driving 21st century climate change. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 114(36), 9647-9652.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1618765114
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Mühendislik
Bölüm Mühendislik ve Mimarlık / Engineering and Architecture
Yazarlar

Emel Aydın 0000-0002-5262-6975

Serkan Kemeç 0000-0001-5604-1088

Yayımlanma Tarihi 29 Aralık 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 31 Ekim 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 28 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Aydın, E., & Kemeç, S. (2023). Antropojenik Etkiler ve İklim Değişikliği Baskısı Altında Sulak Alanlar: Van Kalesi ve Çevresi Doğal Sit Alanı Örneği. Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 28(3), 1139-1154. https://doi.org/10.53433/yyufbed.1196351