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Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 2, 195 - 230, 25.04.2024

Fatih Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372

Öz

Türkiye’de jeolojik miras kaynak değerlerini de içeren sedimanter kayaç grupları; ilk önce paleontolojisi devamında sedimantolojisi olmak üzere dünya çapında önemli yayınlara ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Sedimantolojik birimlerin Türkiye jeoloji haritasındaki yayılımı, paleotektonik geçmişine paralel olarak çok çeşitlidir. Başta karbonatlı kayaç grupları olmak üzere karstlaşmaya uygun kayaçlar Türkiye’de önemli bir yayılıma sahiptir. Bu kayaçlar, iklim kuşağı ve tektoniğin etkileriyle birlikte yeryüzü ölçeğinde karstik mağara ve düdenlerin oluşmasına neden olmuştur. Bu karstik yapılar, doğal kaynak değer olarak turizmde cazibe merkezlerini de oluşturmuştur. Günümüzde jeoturizm hem jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik hem de turistik değerleri birleştiren bir kavramdır. 2020-2023 yılları arasındaki 4 yıllık süre içindeki toplam ziyaretçi sayıları; Karaca Mağarası’na 355.923 kişi ve Çal Mağarası’na da 514.947 kişi olarak gerçekleşmiştir. Ekonomik gelişimi sınırlı olan bölgelerdeki jeolojik ve jeomorfolojik kaynak değerlerine örnek olan Karaca ve Çal mağaralarının turizm faaliyetlerinde kullanılma girişimleri, bu karstik yapıların, Karadeniz Bölgesi’nin Doğu Karadeniz Bölümü içindeki turizm potansiyeline olan katkısı ile ölçülebilmektedir. Bu çalışma, sedimanter kökenli kayaçların (çözünebilir kayaçlar) hem ekonomik hem de yerbilimsel özelliklerinin yanında, jeoturizm kaynak değeri olarak bölgeselden-küresele sürdürülebilir bir etkiye sahip olduğunu göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çal Mağarası Doğu Karadeniz jeoturizm Karaca Mağarası karstik

Kaynakça

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Karstic Formations of the Eastern Black Sea: Geotourism Potential of Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) and Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Caves

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 2, 195 - 230, 25.04.2024

Fatih Köroğlu

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372

Öz

The sedimentary rock groups in Türkiye, which comprise valuable geological heritage, have been the focus of important publications worldwide, first in palaeontology and then in sedimentology. The distribution of sedimentological units on the geological map of Türkiye is very diverse and corresponds to the palaeotectonic history of the region. The rocks suitable for karstification, mainly carbonate rock groups, have a significant volume in Türkiye. This volume, together with the effects of the climate zone and tectonics, has led to the formation of karstic caves and sinkholes on a large scale. These karstic structures have created natural resources that attract tourists. Today, geotourism is a concept that combines both geological and touristic assets. The total number of visitors in the 4-year period between 2020 and 2023 was 355,923 in Karaca Cave and 514,947 in Çal Cave. As examples of geological resource assets in regions with limited economic development, attempts to evaluate Karaca and Çal caves in terms of tourism can be measured as the important contribution of karst structures to tourism potential in the Eastern Black Sea region. This study showed that rocks of sedimentary origin have a regional, global, and sustainable impact in the context of geotourism and play a role both in geological terms and as tourist attractions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çal Cave Eastern Black Sea geotourism Karaca Cave karstic

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  • Şengör, A. M. C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981). Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181-241.
  • Şengör, A. M. C., Altıner, D., Zabcı, C., Sunal, G., Lom, N., Aylan, E. & Öner, T. (2023). On the nature of the Cimmerian Continent. Earth-Science Reviews, Article 104520. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2023.104520
  • Şeren, A., Babacan, A.E., Gelişli, K., Ögretmen, Z. & Kandemir, R. (2012). An investigation for potential extensions of the Karaca Cavern using geophysical methods. Carbonates and Evaporites, 27, 321-329.
  • Taslı, K. (1990). Micropaléontologie, stratigraphie et environnement de dépôt des séries jurassiques à faciès de plate-forme de la région de Kale-Gümüshane (Pontides orientales, Turquie). Revue de Micropaléontologie, 36(1), 45-65.
  • Taslı, K., Özer, E. & Yılmaz, C. (2000). Biostratigraphic and Environmental Analysis of the Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous Carbonate Sequence in the Başoba Yayla Area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Turkish Journal Earth Sciences, 8, 125-135.
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  • Tomić, N., Antić, A., Marković, S.B., Đorđević, T., Zorn, M. & Valjavec, M. B. (2019). Exploring the potential for speleotourism development in eastern Serbia. Geoheritage, 11, 359-369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-018-0288-x
  • Törk, K., Çakır, K. ve Kahraman, İ. (2013). Çal Mağarası (Trabzon-Düzköy) Araştırma Raporu (Rapor No: 11675). MTA (Yayımlanmamış).
  • Türk-Öz, E. & Özyurt. M. (2018). Palaeoenvironment reconstruction and planktonic foraminiferal assemblages of Campanian (Cretaceous) carbonate succession, Çayırbağ area (Trabzon, NE Turkey). Carbonates and Evaporites, 33, 1-33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13146-017-0413-y
  • Uncu, L. & Karakoca, E. (2019). Evaluating the geomorphological features and geotourism potentials of Harmankaya Canyon (Bilecik, Turkey). Journal of Tourism and Hospitality Management, 7(1), 1–15.
  • Unur, K. ve Şeker, F. (2023). Yerel Toplumun Turizme Karşı Tutumu. Türkiye Turizm Zirvesi, Çalıştay Raporları, (s. 121-125). Anadolu Üniversitesi Basımevi.
  • URL 1: https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/tr
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  • URL 5: https://turizmsurasi.ktb.gov.tr/TR-204576/turizmde-urun-cesitliligi-ve-surdurulebilirlik-komisyon-.html
  • URL 6: https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=karst&order=country
  • URL 7: https://gumushane.ktb.gov.tr/TR-57888/karaca-magarasi.html
  • URL 8: http://www.gumushane.gov.tr/karacamagara
  • URL 9: https://trabzon.ktb.gov.tr/TR-57785/cal-magarasi.html
  • URL 10: https://trabzon.ktb.gov.tr/Eklenti/59518,home-of-trabzon-turkcepdf.pdf?0
  • URL 11: https://tdf.gov.tr/18159/sahin-kaya-tirmanis-bahcesi-rehberi-yayinlandi/
  • Uzun, A. (1991). Karaca Mağarası (Torul-Gümüşhane). Atatürk Kültür, Dil ve Tarih Yüksek Kurumu, Coğrafya Bilim ve Uygulama Kolu, Coğrafya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3,15-24.
  • Uzun, A., Zeybek, H. I., Yılmaz, C. ve Bahadır, M., 2015. Aksu Çayı havzası Traverten Mağaraları, Giresun. Marmara Coğrafya Dergisi, 31, 243-257.
  • Van Beynen, P. E. (2011). Karst Management. Springer
  • Van Hinsbergen, D. J., Torsvik, T. H., Schmid, S. M., Maţenco, L. C., Maffione, M., Vissers, R. L., Gürer, D. & Spakman, W. (2020). Orogenic architecture of the Mediterranean region and kinematic reconstruction of its tectonic evolution since the Triassic. Gondwana Research, 81, 79-229. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2019.07.009
  • Van, A. ve Boynukalın, S. (1999). Trabzon ili Düzköy İlçesi, Çal Mağarası Raporu. KTÜ Jeoloji Mühendisliği Bölümü.
  • Varnavina, A. V., Khamzin, A. K., Kidanu, S. T. & Anderson, N. L. 2019. Geophysical site assessment in karst terrain: A case study from southwestern Missouri. Journal of Applied Geophysics, 170, Article 103838. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jappgeo.2019.103838
  • Veress, M. (2016). Covered Karsts. Springer.
  • Veress, M., Telbisz, T., Tóth, G., Lóczy, D., Ruban, D. A., Gutak, J. M. (2018). Glaciokarsts. Springer.
  • Vincent, S. J., Guo, L., Flecker, R., BouDagher-Fadel, M. K., Ellam, R. M. & Kandemir, R., (2018). Age constraints on intra-formational unconformities in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous carbonates in northeast Turkey; geodynamic and hydrocarbon implications. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 91, 639-657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2018.01.011
  • White, W. B. (2019). Speleothems. In Encyclopedia of Caves. Academic Press.
  • Williams, P. W. (2008). The role of the epikarst in karst and cave hydrogeology: a review. International Journal of Speleology, 37,1-10.
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  • Yamaç, A., Gilli, E., Tok, E. & Törk, K. (2021a). Natural Sciences in the Caves of Turkey. In Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer.
  • Yamaç, A., Gilli, E., Tok, E. & Törk, K. (2021b). 45 Interesting Caves of Turkey. In Caves and Karst of Turkey - Vol. 1. Cave and Karst Systems of the World. Springer.
  • Yılmaz, C. (2002). Gümüşhane-Bayburt yöresindeki Mesozoyik havzalarının tektono-sedimantolojik kayıtları ve kontrol etkenleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 45(1), 141-164. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/cb811134b9d39fc_ek.pdf
  • Yılmaz, C. & Kandemir, R. (2006). Sedimentary records of the extensional tectonic regime with temporal cessation: Gümüşhane Mesozoic Basin (NE Turkey). Geologica Carpathica, 57, 3.
  • Yılmaz, C., Carannante, G., & Kandemir, R. (2008). The rift-related Late Cretaceous drowning of the Gümüşhane carbonate platform (NE Turkey). Bollettino della Società Geologica Italiana, 127, 37-50.
  • Yılmaz, E. (2013). Jeolojik Oluşumların Kültür Varlıkları Açısından Değerlendirilmesi ve Turizme Kazandırılması: Pamukkale Örneği. [Yayımlanmamış Uzmanlık Tezi], T.C. Kültür ve Turizm Bakanlığı Kültür Varlıkları ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü, Ankara.
  • Yücel, C., Arslan, M., Temizel, I., Yazar, E.A. & Ruffet, G. (2017). Evolution of K-rich magmas derived from a net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: Geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research, 45, 65-86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2016.12.016
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  • Zaman, M. (2000). Gümüşhane İli’nin Turizm Potansiyeli. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 6(4), 211-236.
  • Zaman, M. (2010). Doğu Karadeniz Kıyı Dağları’nda Dağ ve Yayla Turizmi. Erzurum: Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları No: 977, Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayın No: 134, Araştırma Serisi No: 110.
  • Zaman, M., Şahin, İ.F. ve Birinci, S. (2011). Çal Mağarası Düzköy Trabzon ve çevresinin ekoturizm potansiyeli açısından önemi. Doğu Coğrafya Dergisi, 26, 1-23.
  • Zaman, M. (2012). Trabzon İlinin Turizm Coğrafyası (Potansiyel, Alternatifler, Planlama). Erzurum Atatürk Üniversitesi Yayınları No:999, Fen-Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayını No:137, Araştırma Serisi No:113.
  • Zgłobicki, W. & Baran-Zgłobicka, B. (2013). Geomorphological heritage as a tourist attraction. A case study in Lubelskie Province SE Poland. Geoheritage, 5,137-149.
Toplam 177 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Genel Jeoloji, Jeoformoloji ve Yüzey Örtü Süreçleri, Stratigrafi, Yapısal Jeoloji ve Tektonik
Bölüm Makaleler - Articles
Yazarlar

Fatih Köroğlu 0000-0002-2430-1161

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 4 Nisan 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 25 Nisan 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 9 Kasım 2023
Kabul Tarihi 18 Ocak 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 67 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Köroğlu, F. (2024). Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 67(2), 195-230. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372
AMA Köroğlu F. Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. Nisan 2024;67(2):195-230. doi:10.25288/tjb.1388372
Chicago Köroğlu, Fatih. “Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) Ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67, sy. 2 (Nisan 2024): 195-230. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372.
EndNote Köroğlu F (01 Nisan 2024) Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67 2 195–230.
IEEE F. Köroğlu, “Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli”, Türkiye Jeol. Bült., c. 67, sy. 2, ss. 195–230, 2024, doi: 10.25288/tjb.1388372.
ISNAD Köroğlu, Fatih. “Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) Ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67/2 (Nisan 2024), 195-230. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1388372.
JAMA Köroğlu F. Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2024;67:195–230.
MLA Köroğlu, Fatih. “Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) Ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, c. 67, sy. 2, 2024, ss. 195-30, doi:10.25288/tjb.1388372.
Vancouver Köroğlu F. Doğu Karadeniz’in Karstik Oluşumları: Karaca (Torul, Gümüşhane) ve Çal (Düzköy, Trabzon) Mağaralarının Jeoturizm Potansiyeli. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2024;67(2):195-230.
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