Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Alaşehir Grabenindeki Alaşehir Sıyrılma Fayının Yüksek Açılı Kökeni ve Miyosen Döneminde Tabaka-Paralel Kısalmaya İlişkin Kanıtlar, Batı Anadolu, Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1, 17 - 50, 30.01.2024

Fatih Şen Serdal Karaağaç Ümitcan Erbil

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465

Öz

Batı Anadolu, dünyada iyi bilinen kıtasal gerilmeye sahip bir alanıdır. Bölgenin en belirgin yapısal elemanları D-B doğrultulu grabenlerdir. Alaşehir Grabeni, Menderes Masifi'nin kuzey ve orta kesimleri arasındaki sınırı oluşturur. Ahmetli'den Turgutlu'ya kadar D-B gidişli, Salihli'den Alaşehir'e kadar ise KB-GD gidişlidir. Bu makale, Salihli ve Alaşehir alanları arasındaki Alaşehir Grabeni'nin güney kenarı boyunca yapılan arazi çalışmasının sonuçlarını belgelemektedir.

Alaşehir Grabeni'nin güney kenarının tektonostratigrafisi Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının taban ve tavan bloğu olarak ikiye ayrılır. Taban bloğu Bayındır ve Bozdağ Naplarını ve Bayındır Napını kesen gerilme ile eşzamanlı Salihli granitoyidinden oluşur. Tavan bloğu Çine Napı ve Neojen-Kuvaterner tortul kayaçlardan oluşur ve Alaşehir bölgesinde Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı üzerinde yer alan Çine Napının üzerinde de Miyosen dolguları tektonik olarak yer almaktadır.

Yapısal veriler, (i) kataklastik kayalardan oluşan düşük-açılı Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı; (ii) kataklastik kayalardan yoksun olan düşük açılı normal faylar; ve (iii) bunları kesen Pliyo-Kuvaterner yüksek açılı normal faylar olmak üzere üç tip ana fay setini göstermektedir. Miyosen'de iki farklı düşük açılı normal fay eş zamanlı ve aktif olup, düşük açılı normal faylar ise Alaşehir ayrılma fayının sintetik ve antitetik faylarıdır. Başlangıç konumları yüksek açılı olup, Miyosen boyunca başlangıç konumlarının eğimleri 55°-75° arasındadır. Salihli ve Alaşehir segmentinde, Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının taban ve tavan bloğunda birçok önemli kıvrım geometrisi tanımlanmıştır. Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının Salihli segmentindeki taban bloğundaki kıvrım ekseni KD gidişlidir ve kuzeydoğuya doğru dalımlıdır. Diğer bir kıvrım ekseni ise Alaşehir sıyrılma fayının Alaşehir segmentinde taban ve tavan bloğunda ~D-B gidişlidir ve batıya doğru dalımlıdır. Bu kıvrımlar Miyosen'de tabaka-paralel kısalma ile oluşan genişlemeye bağlı yapılarla ilişkilidirler. Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı, Salihli ve Alaşehir segmentleri arasındaki kıvrım eksenleri farkından da anlaşılacağı üzere, Pliyo-Kuvaterner yaşlı yüksek-açılı normal faylar tarafından kesilerek geriye doğru döndürülmüş ve güneye doğru eğilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alaşehir Grabeni Alaşehir sıyrılma fayı Batı Anadolu Düşük- ve yüksek-açılı normal faylar kıvrım ekseni Fay çizik lineasyonu Uzama lineasyonu

Kaynakça

  • Ağırbaş, H. (2006). Alkan köyü (Alaşehir) ve yakın çevresinde Gediz grabeni' nin stratigrafisi ve yapısal özellikleri [B.Sc. thesis]. İstanbul University, (in Turkish),115 pp.
  • Ağırbaş, H. & Şen, F. (2012). Neogene-Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics of Alaşehir graben, Western Anatolia. International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Proceedings (p.38). 1-5 October 2012, İzmir, Turkey, pp:38.
  • Arpat, E. & Bingöl, E. (1969). The rift system of western Turkey: Thoughts on its development. Bulten of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, 75, 1-9.
  • Axen, G.J. & Bartley, J. M. (1997). Field test of rolling hinges: Existence, mechanical types and implications for extensional tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 20515-20537.
  • Beccaletto, L. & Steiner, C. (2005). Evidence of Two-Stage Extensional Tectonics from the Northern Edge of the Edremit Graben, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18(3-4), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.18.283-297
  • Bozkurt, E. (2000). Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. In E. Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A. (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society London, Special Publications 173, 385-403.
  • Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey - a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(01)01066-X
  • Bozkurt, E. (2003). Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 16, 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(03)00002-0
  • Bozkurt, E. (2007). Extensional vs contractional origin for the Southern Menderes shear zone, Southwest Turkey: tectonic and metamorphic implications. Geological Magazine, 144, 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806002664
  • Bozkurt, E. & Sözbilir, H. (2004). Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, two extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 141, 63–79 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756803008379
  • Bozkurt, E. & Rojay, B. (2005) Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in Western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz Basin and Bozdağ Horst. Geodinamica Acta, 18, 299-316. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.18.299-316
  • Bhattacharya, A. R. (2022). Superposed Folds. In Structural Geology. Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80795-5_20
  • Buck, W. R. (1988). Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics, 7, 959-973.
  • Buscher, J. T., Hampel, A., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Glotzbach, C., Struffert, A., Akal, C. & Ratz, M. (2013). Quantifying rates of detachment faulting and erosion in the central Menderes massif (western Turkey) by thermochronology and cosmogenic 10Be. Journal of Geological Society London, 170, 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2012-132
  • Candan, O., Dora, O., Oberhänsli, R., Çetinkaplan, M., Partzch, J., Warkus, F. & Dürr, S. (2001). Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the Precambrian basement of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000097
  • Candan, O., Koralay, O. E., Topuz, G., Oberhänsli, R., Fritz, H., Collins, A. S. & Chen, F. (2016). Late Neoproterozoic gabbro emplacement followed by early Cambrian eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif (W. Turkey): Implications on the final assembly of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 34, 158-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.02.015
  • Cohen, H. A., Dart, C. J., Akyüz, H. S. & Barka, A. A. (1995). Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 152, 629–638
  • Çemen, İ., Tekeli, O., Seyitoğlu, G. & Işık, V. (2005). Are turtleback fault surfaces common tectono-morphologic features of highly extended terranes?. Earth Science Reviews, 73, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.001
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2008). Folding of the Gediz Graben fill, SW Turkey: extensional and/or contractional origin?. Geodinamica Acta, 21, 145-167. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.21.145-167
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2009). Evolution of the Miocene sedimentary fill of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Sediment Geology, 216, 49-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.01.004
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2010). Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research, 22, 846-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00438.x
  • Demircioğlu, D., Ecevitoğlu, B. & Seyitoğlu, G. (2010). Evidence of a rolling hinge mechanism in the seismic records of hydrocarbon-bearing Alaşehir graben, western Turkey. Petroleum Geoscience 16, 155-160.
  • Dewey, J. F. & Şengör, A. M. C. (1979). Aegean and surrounding region: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 84–92.
  • Dewey, J. D. (1988). Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, 7, 1123–1139.
  • Doglioni, C., Agostini, S., Crespi, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F. & Savaşçın, Y. (2002). On the extension in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea. Journal of Virtual Exploration, 8, 169–183.
  • Doğan, B. (2020). Comparative New Insight into the Tectonic Origin of Folds and Thrust Faults of an Extensional Basin: Söke-Kuşadası Basin, Aegean, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 31(3), 582–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1400-0
  • Dora, O. Ö., Candan, O., Kaya, O., Koralay, E. & Dürr, S. (2001). Revision of "Leptite-gneisses" in the Menderes Massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 836-851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000102
  • Ediger, V., Batı, Z. & Yazman, M. (1996). Palynology of possible hydrocarbon source rocks of the Alaşehir- Turgutlu area in the Gediz graben (western Anatolia): Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 8, 94-112.
  • Emre, T. (1990). Sart Mustafa (Salihli)-Adala-Dereköy (Alaşehir) arasının jeolojisi ve Gediz Grabeni'nin yapısına bir Yaklaşım (Rapor no TBAG-732/YBAG-0001). TÜBİTAK, 65 Unpublished (In Turkish).
  • Emre, T. (1996). Geology and tectonics of Gediz Graben. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 171-185.
  • Emre, T. & Sözbilir, H. (1997). Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens (western Turkey). In International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region (73-94). İzmir, Turkey.
  • Erdoğan, B. & Güngör, T. (2004). The problem of the core-cover boundary of the Menderes massif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granites, western Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 15-36.
  • Eyidoğan, H. & Jackson, J. (1985). A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969–70 in western Turkey: Implication for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 81, 569–607.
  • Gessner, K. (2000). Eocene Nappe Tectonics and Late-Alpine Extension in the Central Anatolide Belt, Western Turkey-Structure, Kinematics and Deformation History [Ph.D thesis]. Johannes Gutenberg University Earth Sciences Department, Mainz, Germany.
  • Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W. & Güngör, T. (2001). An active bivergent rolling hinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology, 29, 611-614. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0611:AABRHD>2.0.CO;2
  • Gessner, K., Gallardo, L.A., Markwitz, V., Ring, U. & Thomson, S.T. (2013). What caused the denudation of the Menderes massif: review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research, 24, 243–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.1001.1005
  • Glodny, J. & Hetzel, R. (2007). Precise U–Pb ages of syn-extensional Miocene intrusions in the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 144, 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806003025
  • Gürer, A., Gürer, Ö. F., Pinçe, A. & Ilkisik, O. M. (2001). Conductivity structure along the Gediz graben, west Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonic implications: International Geology Review, 43, 1129-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465065
  • Heineke, C., Hetzel, R., Nilius, N.P., Zwingmann, H., Todd, A., Mulch, A., Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Akal, C., Dunkl, I. & Raven, M. (2019). Detachment faulting in a bivergent core complex constrained by fault gouge dating and low-temperature thermochronology. Journal of Structural Geology, 127, Article 103865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103865
  • Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W., Ring, U. & Dora, O. Ö. (1995a). Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: the Menderes Massif (SW Turkey). Geology, 23, 455-458. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0455:BEIOBT>2.3.CO;2
  • Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. & Troesch, M. (1995b). Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 152, 639-654. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.4.0639
  • Hetzel, R., Zwigmann, H., Mulch, A., Gessner, K., Akal, C., Hampel, A., Güngör, T., Petschick, R., Mikes, T. & Wedin, F. (2013). Spatiotemporal evolution of brittle normal faulting and fluid infiltration in detachment fault systems: a case study from Menderes massif, western Turkey. Tectonics, 32, 1-13.
  • Işık, V., Seyitoğlu, G. & Çemen, İ. (2003). Ductile-brittle transition along the Alaşehir detachment fault and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment fault, Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 374, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00275-0
  • Jackson, J. & McKenzie, D. (1988). The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors and rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal, 93, 45–73.
  • Jolivet, L. & Patriat, M. (1999). Ductile extension and the formation of the Aegean Sea. In Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Seranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 156, 356–427.
  • Jolivet, L. & Faccenna, C. (2000). Mediterranean extension and the Africa–Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 19, 1095–1106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900018
  • Jolivet, L. & Brun, J. P. (2010). Cenozoic Geodynamic Evolution of the Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(1), 109–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0366-4
  • Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denele, Y., Brun, J.P., Philippon, M., Paul, A., Salaun, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monie, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A.I., Oberhansli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L. & Driussi, O. (2013). Aegean tectonics: strain localization, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics, 597–598, 1–33.
  • Kaya, O. (1979). Ortadoğu Ege çöküntüsünün (Neojen) stratigrafi si ve tektoniği [Neogene Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Middle East Aegean depression]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin, 22(1), 35–58 [in Turkish with English abstract]. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/96a754649af389e_ek.pdf
  • Ketin, İ. & Canıtez, N. (1979). Yapısal Jeoloji. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Sayı: 1143, İkinci baskı, İstanbul/Türkiye.
  • Kissel, C., & Laj, C. (1988). Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a palaeomagnetic reconstruction. Tectonophysics, 146, 183–201.
  • Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H. & Bozkurt, E. (1999). Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 156, 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0605
  • Konak, N. (2002). Geological map of turkey in 1/500,000 scale. İzmir Area Map (Şenel, M. (Ed.). General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Publication of Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. (1979). The Hellenic arc and trench system: a key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics, 60, 1–42.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. (1981). The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, London, Seri A, 300, 357–372.
  • Lips, A. L. W., Cassard. D., Sözbilir. H., Yılmaz. Y. & Wijbrans, J. R. (2001). Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000101
  • Manning, A. H. & Bartley, J. M. (1994). Postmylonitic deformation in the Raft River metamorphic core complex, northwestern Utah: Evidence of a rolling hinge. Tectonics, 13, 596-612.
  • McKenzie, D. (1978). Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal of Astronomical Society, 55, 217–254.
  • Mercier, J. L. (1981). Extensional-compressional tectonics associated with the Aegean arc: comparison with the Andean Cordillera of south Peru–north Bolivia. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, London, Seri A, 300, 337–355.
  • Meulenkamp, J. E., Wortel, W. J. R., Van Wamel, W.A., Spakman, W. & Hoogerduyn-Strating, E. (1988). On the Hellenic subduction zone and geodynamic evolution of Crete in the late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics, 146, 203–215.
  • Meulenkamp, J.E., Van Der Zwaan, G.J., & Van Wamel, W.A. (1994). On Late Miocene to recent vertical motions in the Cretan segment of the Hellenic arc. Tectonophysics, 234, 53–72.
  • Oberhänsli, R., Candan, O., Dora, O. Ö. & Dürr, S. (1997). Eclogites within the Menderes Massif/western Turkey. Lithos, 41, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(97)82009-9
  • Okay, A. İ., & Satır, M. (2000). Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine, 137, 495–516.
  • Önalan, M. (2000). Sahada Yerbilimi Çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, İkinci baskı, İstanbul/Türkiye.
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2011). Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey. GSA Bulletin, 123, 2115-2141 https://doi.org/10.1130/B30468.1
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2012). Erratum 'Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey' (v. 123, no. 11/12, p. 2115–2141, doi: 10.1130/B30468.1 . GSA Bulletin, 124(1-2), 256.
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2013). Fault kinematics in Supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 608, 1394–1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.06.003
  • Purvis, M. & Robertson, A. (2005). Sedimentation of the Neogene-Recent Alaşehir (Gediz) continental graben system used to test alternative tectonic models for western (Aegean) Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 373–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.08.005
  • Ring, U., Laws, S. & Bernet, M. (1999). Structural analysis of a complex nappe sequence and late orogenic basins from the Aegean Island of Samos, Greece. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 1575-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00108-X
  • Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R. & Gessner, K. (2003). Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous–Tertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 140, 421-441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756803007878
  • Sarıca, N. (2000). The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(200001/03)35:1<1::AID-GJ834>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Seyitoğlu, G., & Scott, B.C. (1991). Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geology Magazine, 28, 155–166.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. & Scoot, B. (1992). The age of the Büyük Menderes Graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine, 129, 239–42.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. (1999). Discussion on evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 156, 1240-1242. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.6.1240
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Çemen, İ. & Tekeli, O. (2000). Extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 157, 1097-1100. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.6.1097
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Tekeli, O., Çemen, İ., Şen, Ş. & Işık, V. (2002). The role of flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir Graben, western Turkey. Geology Magazine 139, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756801005969
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V. & Çemen, İ. (2004). Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova, 16, 358–363
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V. & Esat, K. (2014). A 3D model for the formation of Turtleback surfaces: The Horzum Turtleback of Western Turkey as a case study. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 479-494. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1401-23
  • Seyitoğlu, G. &, Işık, V. (2015). Late Cenozoic extensional tectonics in western Anatolia: Exhumation of the Menderes core complex and formation of related basins. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, 49-109 https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.49951
  • Sözbilir, H. (2001). Extensional tectonics and the geometry of related macroscopic structures: field evidence from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 10, 51-67
  • Şen, F. (2004). Karadut ve çevresinde Gediz grabeni’ nin stratigrafisi ve yapısı [B.Sc. thesis]: İstanbul, İstanbul University, (in Turkish), 110 pp.
  • Şen, F. & Ağırbaş, H. (2012). Fold geometry in Karadut fault, Alaşehir graben, Western Anatolia. International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Proceedings.( pp.:31). İzmir, Turkey.
  • Şen, F. (2016). Late Miocene termination of tectonic activity on the detachment in the Alaşehir Rift, Western Anatolia: Depositional records of the Göbekli Formation and high-angle cross-cutting faults. EGU General Assembly 18:3541
  • Şen, Ş. & Seyitoğlu, G. (2009). Magnetostratigraphy of early–middle Miocene deposits from east–west trending Alaşehir and Büyük Menderes grabens in western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. Geological Society of London Special Publication 311, 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.13
  • Şengör, A. M. C. (1987). Cross-faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from eastern Turkey. In Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., Hancock, P.L. (Eds.), Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 575–589
  • Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N., & Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike–slip deformation, basin formation and sedimentation: strike–slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In Biddle, K., Christie-Blick, N. (Eds.), Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 37, 227–264.
  • Şengör, A. M. C. & Bozkurt, E. (2012). Layer-parallel shortening and related structures in zones undergoing active regional horizontal extension. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0777-0
  • Thomson, S. N., Stöckhert, B., & Brix, M. R. (1998). Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: implications for the speed of tectonic processes. Geology, 26, 259–262.
  • Wernicke, B. & Axen, G.J. (1988). On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems. Geology, 16, 848-851.
  • Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Heineke, C., Nilius, N.-P., Hetzel, R., Hampel, A., Akal, C., Dunkl, I. & Christl, M. (2017). Late Cenozoic cooling history of the central Menderes Massif: Timing of the Büyük Menderes detachment and the relative contribution of normal faulting and erosion to rock exhumation. Tectonophysics, 717, 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECTO.2017.07.004
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş. C., Gürer, Ö. F, Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. & Elmas, A. (2000). When did western Anatolian grabens begin to develop?. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 173, 353-384. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.17

Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1, 17 - 50, 30.01.2024

Fatih Şen Serdal Karaağaç Ümitcan Erbil

https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465

Öz

Western Anatolia is a well-known continental extension province in the world. The most distinctive structural elements of the region are E-W trending grabens. The Alaşehir Graben forms the boundary between the northern and central parts of the Menderes Massif. It trends E-W from Ahmetli to Turgutlu and NW-SE from Salihli to Alaşehir. This paper documents the outcomes of fieldwork along the southern margin of the Alaşehir Graben between the Salihli and Alaşehir areas.

The tectonostratigraphy of the southern margin of the Alaşehir Graben is divided into the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The footwall comprises the Bayındır and Bozdağ Nappes and the syn-extensional Salihli granitoid intruding the Bayındır Nappe. The hanging wall consists of the Çine Nappe and Neogene-Quaternary sedimentary rocks, and Miocene fills tectonically overlying the Çine Nappe, which is above the Alaşehir detachment fault in the Alaşehir area.

Structural data show three types of master fault sets, including (i) the low-angle Alaşehir detachment fault, which is composed of cataclastic rocks; (ii) low-angle normal faults, which are devoid of any cataclastic rocks; and (iii) Plio-Quaternary high-angle normal faults cutting them. Two different low-angle normal faults were coeval and active during the Miocene, and low-angle normal faults were synthetic and antithetic faults of the Alaşehir detachment fault. Their initial position was high-angle and the original position had 55°-75° dip during the Miocene. In the Salihli and Alaşehir segments, several major fold geometries are defined in the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The fold axis is NE-trending and plunges mainly northeast in the Salihli segment in the footwall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. The other is ~ E–W-trending and plunges mainly west in the Alaşehir segment in the footwall and hanging wall of the Alaşehir detachment fault. They are associated with extensional structures formed by layer-parallel shortening during the Miocene. The Alaşehir detachment fault, as indicated by the difference in fold axes between the Salihli and Alaşehir segments, was cut and back-rotated by Plio-Quaternary high-angle normal faults and tilted to the south.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Alaşehir detachment fault Alaşehir Graben Fold axis Low- and high-angle normal faults Slickenside Stretching lineation Western Anatolia

Teşekkür

This paper is part of two graduation theses lasting three months in the field in the summer term of 2003 (Şen, 2004; Ağırbaş, 2006). Permission was obtained from geologist Hakan Ağırbaş, who left the science of geology, for the publication of graduation theses in this study with other researchers. The corresponding author thanks Prof. Dr. Timur Ustaömer from İstanbul University for their thoughtful reviews and constructive comments during the preparation of their graduation theses and apologizes to him for not publishing this work at the time of graduation. Besides, he thanks people living in the Yenipazar and Alkan villages in Salihli and Alaşehir for their help during the fieldwork.

Kaynakça

  • Ağırbaş, H. (2006). Alkan köyü (Alaşehir) ve yakın çevresinde Gediz grabeni' nin stratigrafisi ve yapısal özellikleri [B.Sc. thesis]. İstanbul University, (in Turkish),115 pp.
  • Ağırbaş, H. & Şen, F. (2012). Neogene-Quaternary stratigraphy and tectonics of Alaşehir graben, Western Anatolia. International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Proceedings (p.38). 1-5 October 2012, İzmir, Turkey, pp:38.
  • Arpat, E. & Bingöl, E. (1969). The rift system of western Turkey: Thoughts on its development. Bulten of the Mineral Research and Exploration Institute, 75, 1-9.
  • Axen, G.J. & Bartley, J. M. (1997). Field test of rolling hinges: Existence, mechanical types and implications for extensional tectonics. Journal of Geophysical Research, 102, 20515-20537.
  • Beccaletto, L. & Steiner, C. (2005). Evidence of Two-Stage Extensional Tectonics from the Northern Edge of the Edremit Graben, NW Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 18(3-4), 283–297. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.18.283-297
  • Bozkurt, E. (2000). Timing of extension on the Büyük Menderes Graben, western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. In E. Bozkurt, E., Winchester, J. A. & Piper, J. D. A. (Eds.), Tectonics and Magmatism in Turkey and the Surrounding Area. Geological Society London, Special Publications 173, 385-403.
  • Bozkurt, E. (2001). Neotectonics of Turkey - a synthesis. Geodinamica Acta, 14, 3-30. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(01)01066-X
  • Bozkurt, E. (2003). Origin of NE-trending basins in western Turkey. Geodinamica Acta, 16, 61–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0985-3111(03)00002-0
  • Bozkurt, E. (2007). Extensional vs contractional origin for the Southern Menderes shear zone, Southwest Turkey: tectonic and metamorphic implications. Geological Magazine, 144, 191–201. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806002664
  • Bozkurt, E. & Sözbilir, H. (2004). Tectonic evolution of the Gediz Graben: field evidence for an episodic, two extension in western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 141, 63–79 https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756803008379
  • Bozkurt, E. & Rojay, B. (2005) Episodic, two-stage Neogene extension and short-term intervening compression in Western Turkey: field evidence from the Kiraz Basin and Bozdağ Horst. Geodinamica Acta, 18, 299-316. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.18.299-316
  • Bhattacharya, A. R. (2022). Superposed Folds. In Structural Geology. Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80795-5_20
  • Buck, W. R. (1988). Flexural rotation of normal faults. Tectonics, 7, 959-973.
  • Buscher, J. T., Hampel, A., Hetzel, R., Dunkl, I., Glotzbach, C., Struffert, A., Akal, C. & Ratz, M. (2013). Quantifying rates of detachment faulting and erosion in the central Menderes massif (western Turkey) by thermochronology and cosmogenic 10Be. Journal of Geological Society London, 170, 669-683. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs2012-132
  • Candan, O., Dora, O., Oberhänsli, R., Çetinkaplan, M., Partzch, J., Warkus, F. & Dürr, S. (2001). Pan-African high-pressure metamorphism in the Precambrian basement of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia, Turkey. International Journal of Earth Sciences 89, 793–811. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000097
  • Candan, O., Koralay, O. E., Topuz, G., Oberhänsli, R., Fritz, H., Collins, A. S. & Chen, F. (2016). Late Neoproterozoic gabbro emplacement followed by early Cambrian eclogite-facies metamorphism in the Menderes Massif (W. Turkey): Implications on the final assembly of Gondwana. Gondwana Research, 34, 158-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.02.015
  • Cohen, H. A., Dart, C. J., Akyüz, H. S. & Barka, A. A. (1995). Syn-rift sedimentation and structural development of Gediz and Büyük Menderes graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 152, 629–638
  • Çemen, İ., Tekeli, O., Seyitoğlu, G. & Işık, V. (2005). Are turtleback fault surfaces common tectono-morphologic features of highly extended terranes?. Earth Science Reviews, 73, 139–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2005.07.001
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2008). Folding of the Gediz Graben fill, SW Turkey: extensional and/or contractional origin?. Geodinamica Acta, 21, 145-167. https://doi.org/10.3166/ga.21.145-167
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2009). Evolution of the Miocene sedimentary fill of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey. Sediment Geology, 216, 49-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2009.01.004
  • Çiftçi, N. B. & Bozkurt, E. (2010). Structural evolution of the Gediz Graben, SW Turkey temporal and spatial variation of the graben basin. Basin Research, 22, 846-873. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2009.00438.x
  • Demircioğlu, D., Ecevitoğlu, B. & Seyitoğlu, G. (2010). Evidence of a rolling hinge mechanism in the seismic records of hydrocarbon-bearing Alaşehir graben, western Turkey. Petroleum Geoscience 16, 155-160.
  • Dewey, J. F. & Şengör, A. M. C. (1979). Aegean and surrounding region: complex multiplate and continuum tectonics in a convergent zone. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 90, 84–92.
  • Dewey, J. D. (1988). Extensional collapse of orogens. Tectonics, 7, 1123–1139.
  • Doglioni, C., Agostini, S., Crespi, M., Innocenti, F., Manetti, P., Riguzzi, F. & Savaşçın, Y. (2002). On the extension in western Anatolia and the Aegean Sea. Journal of Virtual Exploration, 8, 169–183.
  • Doğan, B. (2020). Comparative New Insight into the Tectonic Origin of Folds and Thrust Faults of an Extensional Basin: Söke-Kuşadası Basin, Aegean, Western Turkey. Journal of Earth Science, 31(3), 582–595. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12583-020-1400-0
  • Dora, O. Ö., Candan, O., Kaya, O., Koralay, E. & Dürr, S. (2001). Revision of "Leptite-gneisses" in the Menderes Massif: a supracrustal metasedimentary origin. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 836-851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000102
  • Ediger, V., Batı, Z. & Yazman, M. (1996). Palynology of possible hydrocarbon source rocks of the Alaşehir- Turgutlu area in the Gediz graben (western Anatolia): Turkish Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 8, 94-112.
  • Emre, T. (1990). Sart Mustafa (Salihli)-Adala-Dereköy (Alaşehir) arasının jeolojisi ve Gediz Grabeni'nin yapısına bir Yaklaşım (Rapor no TBAG-732/YBAG-0001). TÜBİTAK, 65 Unpublished (In Turkish).
  • Emre, T. (1996). Geology and tectonics of Gediz Graben. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 5, 171-185.
  • Emre, T. & Sözbilir, H. (1997). Field evidence for metamorphic core complex, detachment faulting and accommodation faults in the Gediz and Büyük Menderes grabens (western Turkey). In International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region (73-94). İzmir, Turkey.
  • Erdoğan, B. & Güngör, T. (2004). The problem of the core-cover boundary of the Menderes massif and an emplacement mechanism for regionally extensive gneissic granites, western Anatolia (Turkey). Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 13, 15-36.
  • Eyidoğan, H. & Jackson, J. (1985). A seismological study of normal faulting in the Demirci, Alaşehir and Gediz earthquakes of 1969–70 in western Turkey: Implication for the nature and geometry of deformation in the continental crust. Geophysical Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society, 81, 569–607.
  • Gessner, K. (2000). Eocene Nappe Tectonics and Late-Alpine Extension in the Central Anatolide Belt, Western Turkey-Structure, Kinematics and Deformation History [Ph.D thesis]. Johannes Gutenberg University Earth Sciences Department, Mainz, Germany.
  • Gessner, K., Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W. & Güngör, T. (2001). An active bivergent rolling hinge detachment system: Central Menderes metamorphic core complex in western Turkey. Geology, 29, 611-614. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2001)029<0611:AABRHD>2.0.CO;2
  • Gessner, K., Gallardo, L.A., Markwitz, V., Ring, U. & Thomson, S.T. (2013). What caused the denudation of the Menderes massif: review of crustal evolution, lithosphere structure, and dynamic topography in southwest Turkey. Gondwana Research, 24, 243–274. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2013.1001.1005
  • Glodny, J. & Hetzel, R. (2007). Precise U–Pb ages of syn-extensional Miocene intrusions in the central Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Geological Magazine, 144, 235-246. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756806003025
  • Gürer, A., Gürer, Ö. F., Pinçe, A. & Ilkisik, O. M. (2001). Conductivity structure along the Gediz graben, west Anatolia, Turkey: Tectonic implications: International Geology Review, 43, 1129-1144. https://doi.org/10.1080/00206810109465065
  • Heineke, C., Hetzel, R., Nilius, N.P., Zwingmann, H., Todd, A., Mulch, A., Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Akal, C., Dunkl, I. & Raven, M. (2019). Detachment faulting in a bivergent core complex constrained by fault gouge dating and low-temperature thermochronology. Journal of Structural Geology, 127, Article 103865. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsg.2019.103865
  • Hetzel, R., Passchier, C. W., Ring, U. & Dora, O. Ö. (1995a). Bivergent extension in orogenic belts: the Menderes Massif (SW Turkey). Geology, 23, 455-458. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1995)023<0455:BEIOBT>2.3.CO;2
  • Hetzel, R., Ring, U., Akal, C. & Troesch, M. (1995b). Miocene NNE-directed extensional unroofing in the Menderes Massif, southwestern Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 152, 639-654. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.152.4.0639
  • Hetzel, R., Zwigmann, H., Mulch, A., Gessner, K., Akal, C., Hampel, A., Güngör, T., Petschick, R., Mikes, T. & Wedin, F. (2013). Spatiotemporal evolution of brittle normal faulting and fluid infiltration in detachment fault systems: a case study from Menderes massif, western Turkey. Tectonics, 32, 1-13.
  • Işık, V., Seyitoğlu, G. & Çemen, İ. (2003). Ductile-brittle transition along the Alaşehir detachment fault and its structural relationship with the Simav detachment fault, Menderes Massif, western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 374, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0040-1951(03)00275-0
  • Jackson, J. & McKenzie, D. (1988). The relationship between plate motions and seismic moment tensors and rates of active deformation in the Mediterranean and Middle East. Geophysical Journal, 93, 45–73.
  • Jolivet, L. & Patriat, M. (1999). Ductile extension and the formation of the Aegean Sea. In Durand, B., Jolivet, L., Seranne, M. (Eds.), The Mediterranean Basins: Tertiary Extension Within the Alpine Orogen. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 156, 356–427.
  • Jolivet, L. & Faccenna, C. (2000). Mediterranean extension and the Africa–Eurasia collision. Tectonics, 19, 1095–1106, https://doi.org/10.1029/2000TC900018
  • Jolivet, L. & Brun, J. P. (2010). Cenozoic Geodynamic Evolution of the Aegean. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 99(1), 109–138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-008-0366-4
  • Jolivet, L., Faccenna, C., Huet, B., Labrousse, L., Le Pourhiet, L., Lacombe, O., Lecomte, E., Burov, E., Denele, Y., Brun, J.P., Philippon, M., Paul, A., Salaun, G., Karabulut, H., Piromallo, C., Monie, P., Gueydan, F., Okay, A.I., Oberhansli, R., Pourteau, A., Augier, R., Gadenne, L. & Driussi, O. (2013). Aegean tectonics: strain localization, slab tearing and trench retreat. Tectonophysics, 597–598, 1–33.
  • Kaya, O. (1979). Ortadoğu Ege çöküntüsünün (Neojen) stratigrafi si ve tektoniği [Neogene Stratigraphy and tectonics of the Middle East Aegean depression]. Geological Society of Turkey Bulletin, 22(1), 35–58 [in Turkish with English abstract]. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/96a754649af389e_ek.pdf
  • Ketin, İ. & Canıtez, N. (1979). Yapısal Jeoloji. İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi, Sayı: 1143, İkinci baskı, İstanbul/Türkiye.
  • Kissel, C., & Laj, C. (1988). Tertiary geodynamical evolution of the Aegean arc: a palaeomagnetic reconstruction. Tectonophysics, 146, 183–201.
  • Koçyiğit, A., Yusufoğlu, H. & Bozkurt, E. (1999). Evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society, 156, 605-616. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.3.0605
  • Konak, N. (2002). Geological map of turkey in 1/500,000 scale. İzmir Area Map (Şenel, M. (Ed.). General Directorate of Mineral Research and Exploration, Publication of Mineral Research and Exploration Directorate of Turkey.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. (1979). The Hellenic arc and trench system: a key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern Mediterranean area. Tectonophysics, 60, 1–42.
  • Le Pichon, X. & Angelier, J. (1981). The Aegean Sea. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, London, Seri A, 300, 357–372.
  • Lips, A. L. W., Cassard. D., Sözbilir. H., Yılmaz. Y. & Wijbrans, J. R. (2001). Multistage exhumation of the Menderes Massif, western Anatolia (Turkey). International Journal of Earth Sciences, 89, 781-792. https://doi.org/10.1007/s005310000101
  • Manning, A. H. & Bartley, J. M. (1994). Postmylonitic deformation in the Raft River metamorphic core complex, northwestern Utah: Evidence of a rolling hinge. Tectonics, 13, 596-612.
  • McKenzie, D. (1978). Active tectonics of the Alpine-Himalayan belt: the Aegean Sea and surrounding regions. Geophysical Journal of Astronomical Society, 55, 217–254.
  • Mercier, J. L. (1981). Extensional-compressional tectonics associated with the Aegean arc: comparison with the Andean Cordillera of south Peru–north Bolivia. Philosophical Transactions of Royal Society, London, Seri A, 300, 337–355.
  • Meulenkamp, J. E., Wortel, W. J. R., Van Wamel, W.A., Spakman, W. & Hoogerduyn-Strating, E. (1988). On the Hellenic subduction zone and geodynamic evolution of Crete in the late Middle Miocene. Tectonophysics, 146, 203–215.
  • Meulenkamp, J.E., Van Der Zwaan, G.J., & Van Wamel, W.A. (1994). On Late Miocene to recent vertical motions in the Cretan segment of the Hellenic arc. Tectonophysics, 234, 53–72.
  • Oberhänsli, R., Candan, O., Dora, O. Ö. & Dürr, S. (1997). Eclogites within the Menderes Massif/western Turkey. Lithos, 41, 135-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0024-4937(97)82009-9
  • Okay, A. İ., & Satır, M. (2000). Coeval plutonism and metamorphism in a latest Oligocene metamorphic core complex in northwest Turkey. Geological Magazine, 137, 495–516.
  • Önalan, M. (2000). Sahada Yerbilimi Çalışmaları. İstanbul Üniversitesi Basımevi ve Film Merkezi, İkinci baskı, İstanbul/Türkiye.
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2011). Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey. GSA Bulletin, 123, 2115-2141 https://doi.org/10.1130/B30468.1
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2012). Erratum 'Supradetachment basin evolution during continental extension: The Aegean province of western Anatolia, Turkey' (v. 123, no. 11/12, p. 2115–2141, doi: 10.1130/B30468.1 . GSA Bulletin, 124(1-2), 256.
  • Öner, Z. & Dilek, Y. (2013). Fault kinematics in Supradetachment basin formation, Menderes core complex of western Turkey. Tectonophysics, 608, 1394–1412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2013.06.003
  • Purvis, M. & Robertson, A. (2005). Sedimentation of the Neogene-Recent Alaşehir (Gediz) continental graben system used to test alternative tectonic models for western (Aegean) Turkey. Sedimentary Geology 173, 373–408. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sedgeo.2003.08.005
  • Ring, U., Laws, S. & Bernet, M. (1999). Structural analysis of a complex nappe sequence and late orogenic basins from the Aegean Island of Samos, Greece. Journal of Structural Geology 21, 1575-1601. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8141(99)00108-X
  • Ring, U., Johnson, C., Hetzel, R. & Gessner, K. (2003). Tectonic denudation of a Late Cretaceous–Tertiary collisional belt: regionally symmetric cooling patterns and their relation to extensional faults in the Anatolide belt of western Turkey. Geological Magazine 140, 421-441. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756803007878
  • Sarıca, N. (2000). The Plio-Pleistocene age of Büyük Menderes and Gediz grabens and their tectonic significance on N-S extensional tectonics in West Anatolia: mammalian evidence from the continental deposits. Geological Journal 35, 1-24. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1034(200001/03)35:1<1::AID-GJ834>3.0.CO;2-A
  • Seyitoğlu, G., & Scott, B.C. (1991). Late Cenozoic crustal extension and basin formation in west Turkey. Geology Magazine, 28, 155–166.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. & Scoot, B. (1992). The age of the Büyük Menderes Graben (west Turkey) and its tectonic implications. Geological Magazine, 129, 239–42.
  • Seyitoğlu, G. (1999). Discussion on evidence from the Gediz Graben for episodic two-stage extension in western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 156, 1240-1242. https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.156.6.1240
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Çemen, İ. & Tekeli, O. (2000). Extensional folding in the Alaşehir (Gediz) graben, western Turkey. Journal of the Geological Society London, 157, 1097-1100. https://doi.org/10.1144/jgs.157.6.1097
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Tekeli, O., Çemen, İ., Şen, Ş. & Işık, V. (2002). The role of flexural rotation/rolling hinge model in the tectonic evolution of the Alaşehir Graben, western Turkey. Geology Magazine 139, 15-26. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016756801005969
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V. & Çemen, İ. (2004). Complete Tertiary exhumation history of the Menderes Massif, western Turkey: an alternative working hypothesis. Terra Nova, 16, 358–363
  • Seyitoğlu, G., Işık, V. & Esat, K. (2014). A 3D model for the formation of Turtleback surfaces: The Horzum Turtleback of Western Turkey as a case study. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 479-494. https://doi.org/10.3906/yer-1401-23
  • Seyitoğlu, G. &, Işık, V. (2015). Late Cenozoic extensional tectonics in western Anatolia: Exhumation of the Menderes core complex and formation of related basins. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, 49-109 https://doi.org/10.19111/bmre.49951
  • Sözbilir, H. (2001). Extensional tectonics and the geometry of related macroscopic structures: field evidence from the Gediz detachment, western Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences 10, 51-67
  • Şen, F. (2004). Karadut ve çevresinde Gediz grabeni’ nin stratigrafisi ve yapısı [B.Sc. thesis]: İstanbul, İstanbul University, (in Turkish), 110 pp.
  • Şen, F. & Ağırbaş, H. (2012). Fold geometry in Karadut fault, Alaşehir graben, Western Anatolia. International Earth Science Colloquium on the Aegean Region, Proceedings.( pp.:31). İzmir, Turkey.
  • Şen, F. (2016). Late Miocene termination of tectonic activity on the detachment in the Alaşehir Rift, Western Anatolia: Depositional records of the Göbekli Formation and high-angle cross-cutting faults. EGU General Assembly 18:3541
  • Şen, Ş. & Seyitoğlu, G. (2009). Magnetostratigraphy of early–middle Miocene deposits from east–west trending Alaşehir and Büyük Menderes grabens in western Turkey, and its tectonic implications. Geological Society of London Special Publication 311, 321–342. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP311.13
  • Şengör, A. M. C. (1987). Cross-faults and differential stretching of hanging walls in regions of low-angle normal faulting: examples from eastern Turkey. In Coward, M.P., Dewey, J.F., Hancock, P.L. (Eds.), Continental Extensional Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 28, 575–589
  • Şengör, A. M. C., Görür, N., & Şaroğlu, F. (1985). Strike–slip deformation, basin formation and sedimentation: strike–slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study. In Biddle, K., Christie-Blick, N. (Eds.), Strike-Slip Deformation, Basin Formation and Sedimentation. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication, 37, 227–264.
  • Şengör, A. M. C. & Bozkurt, E. (2012). Layer-parallel shortening and related structures in zones undergoing active regional horizontal extension. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 102, 101-119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-012-0777-0
  • Thomson, S. N., Stöckhert, B., & Brix, M. R. (1998). Thermochronology of the high-pressure metamorphic rocks of Crete, Greece: implications for the speed of tectonic processes. Geology, 26, 259–262.
  • Wernicke, B. & Axen, G.J. (1988). On the role of isostasy in the evolution of normal fault systems. Geology, 16, 848-851.
  • Wölfler, A., Glotzbach, C., Heineke, C., Nilius, N.-P., Hetzel, R., Hampel, A., Akal, C., Dunkl, I. & Christl, M. (2017). Late Cenozoic cooling history of the central Menderes Massif: Timing of the Büyük Menderes detachment and the relative contribution of normal faulting and erosion to rock exhumation. Tectonophysics, 717, 585–598. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.TECTO.2017.07.004
  • Yılmaz, Y., Genç, Ş. C., Gürer, Ö. F, Bozcu, M., Yılmaz, K., Karacık, Z., Altunkaynak, Ş. & Elmas, A. (2000). When did western Anatolian grabens begin to develop?. Geological Society of London Special Publication, 173, 353-384. https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2000.173.01.17
Toplam 91 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Jeoloji ve Tektonik
Bölüm Makaleler - Articles
Yazarlar

Fatih Şen 0000-0002-9227-6324

Serdal Karaağaç 0000-0002-2458-3269

Ümitcan Erbil 0000-0001-8706-9796

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 13 Aralık 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ocak 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Haziran 2023
Kabul Tarihi 2 Kasım 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 67 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Şen, F., Karaağaç, S., & Erbil, Ü. (2024). Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 67(1), 17-50. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465
AMA Şen F, Karaağaç S, Erbil Ü. Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. Ocak 2024;67(1):17-50. doi:10.25288/tjb.1318465
Chicago Şen, Fatih, Serdal Karaağaç, ve Ümitcan Erbil. “Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67, sy. 1 (Ocak 2024): 17-50. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465.
EndNote Şen F, Karaağaç S, Erbil Ü (01 Ocak 2024) Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67 1 17–50.
IEEE F. Şen, S. Karaağaç, ve Ü. Erbil, “Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia”, Türkiye Jeol. Bült., c. 67, sy. 1, ss. 17–50, 2024, doi: 10.25288/tjb.1318465.
ISNAD Şen, Fatih vd. “Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni 67/1 (Ocak 2024), 17-50. https://doi.org/10.25288/tjb.1318465.
JAMA Şen F, Karaağaç S, Erbil Ü. Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2024;67:17–50.
MLA Şen, Fatih vd. “Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia”. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, c. 67, sy. 1, 2024, ss. 17-50, doi:10.25288/tjb.1318465.
Vancouver Şen F, Karaağaç S, Erbil Ü. Evidence for High-Angle Origin of the Alaşehir Detachment Fault and Layer-Parallel Shortening During Miocene Time in Alaşehir Graben, Western Anatolia. Türkiye Jeol. Bült. 2024;67(1):17-50.
 Kapak Resmi İndir

Yazım Kuralları / Instructions for Authors / http://www.jmo.org.tr/yayinlar/tjb_yazim_kurallari.php

Etik Bildirimi ve Telif Hakkı Devir Formu / Ethical Statement and Copyrighy Form  / https://www.jmo.org.tr/yayinlar/tjb_telif_etik_formlar.php