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Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge (Patpatanak) ve Orchis italica Poiret’in (Tavşan topuğu) bitki, yumru ve tohum özellikleri

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 70 - 80, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.888114

Öz

Orkideler, bitkiler aleminin en zengin ailesi olmasına rağmen en çok tahrip edilen grubu oluşturur. İnsan etkisi, çevresel faktörler, turizm ve yerleşim, süs bitkisi veya yiyecek olarak kullanım nedeniyle yayılış alanları her geçen gün daralmakta ve tehlike altına girmektedir. Gıda endüstrisinde kullanımı ve aşırı toplama nedeniyle nesli tükenmekte olan bu türlerden ikisi Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge ve Orchis italica Poiret’tir. Her iki sahlep orkidesi de yumru iriliği ve glukomannan içeriği bakımından toplayıcılar tarafından tercih edilmekte ve ağır şekilde tahribata uğramaktadır. Aşırı tahribat bazı tozlaşma ve döllenme sorunlarını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Orkide tohumlarında endosperm olmadığından çimlendikten sonra su ve besin alabilmek için mikorizalar ile simbiyotik ilişkiye ihtiyaç duyarlar. Asimbiyotik ortamda çimlendirebilmek için tohumlarda dormansinin (çimlenme engelinin) kırılması, özel beslenme ortamı ve çevre şartlarının sağlanması gerekir. Asimbiyotik ortamda tohumun çimlendirilmesinde embriyoyu saran kabuk yapısının da etkisi bulunmaktadır. Bu çalışmada her iki türün yumru ve tohumlarının morfolojik ve fizyolojik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Bitki boyu, yumru ağırlığı ve boyutları, tohum boyutları, tohum ağırlığı, 1 g’daki tohum sayısı gibi morfolojik özellikler ile tohum nemi, kabuk yapısı ve tohum doluluğu gibi fizyolojik özellikler belirlenmiştir. Boş tohum oluşumları literatür bilgileri ile değerlendirilmiştir.

Teşekkür

Tohum temininde yardımlarını esirgemeyen Dr. Mehmet TUTAR'a teşekkür ederim

Kaynakça

  • Aedo, C., Herrero, A., 1986. Flora Iberıca, Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. XXI, Departamento de Publicaciones del CSIC Vitruvio, Madrid.
  • Aguirre, A., Dirzo, R., 2008. Effects of fragmentation on pollinator abundance and fruit set of an abundant understory palm in a Mexican tropical forest. Biological Conservation, 141: 375–384.
  • Altundağ, E., Sevgi, E., Kara., Ö., Sevgi, O., Tecimen, H,B., Bolat, İ., 2014. Himantoglossum Robertianum (Loısel.) P. Delforge (Orchidaceae) türünün morfolojisi, anatomisi ve yetişme ortamı özellikleri. Türkiye 2. Orkide ve Salep Çalıştayı, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, p 173, 25-26 Nisan 2012.
  • Angeloni, F., Ouborg, N.J., Leimu, R., 2011. Meta-analysis on the association of population size and life history with inbreeding depression in plants. Biological Conservation, 144: 35–43.
  • Arditti, J., 1967. Factors affecting the germination of orchid seed. Botanical Review, 33: 1-97.
  • Arditti, J., Ghani, AKA., 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytologist, 145: 367-421.
  • Arditti, J., M,A., Clements, G., Fast, G., Hadley, G., Nishimura, R. Ernst., 1982. Orchid Seed Germination and Seedling Culture- A manual. In: Orchid Biology- Reviews and Perspectives. Vol. II, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
  • Argue, C.L., 2012a. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 1, North of Florida and Mexico, Springer, New York.
  • Argue, C.L., 2012b. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2 North of Florida and Mexico, Springer, New York.
  • Aybeke, M., 2014. Morphological and histochemical investigations on Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge (Orchidaceae) seeds. Plant Systematics Evolution, 300 (1): 91-97, DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0862-2.
  • Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 2014. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Bíró, E., Bódıs, J., Nagy, T., Tökölyı, J., Molnár, V., 2015. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) mediated increased reproductive success of a rare deceptive orchid. Applied Ecology Environmental Research, 13: 181–192.
  • Bongers W (1993) Überführung asymbiotisch vermehrter terrestrischer Orchideen in “natürliche” Kultursubstrate. Erschienen in die Orchidee, 44(6): 302-304.
  • Carey, P.D., Farrell, L., 2002. Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel. Journal of Ecology, 90:206-218.
  • Charlesworth, D., Charlesworth, B., 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18: 237–268.
  • Claessens, J., Kleynen, J., 2016. The Pollination of European Orchids, Part 5: Himantoglossum and Anacamptis, Two Examples of Deceptive Pollination. Journal of Hard Orchid Society, Vol. 13 No.4 (82).
  • Davis, P.H., 1984. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Vol.8. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • De, L.C., Pathak, P., Rao, A.N., Rajeevan, P.K., 2014. Commercial Orchids. Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin.
  • Del Vecchio, S., Pierce, E., Fantinato, G., Buffa, G., 2019. Increasing the germination percentage of a declining native orchid (Himantoglossum adriaticum) by pollen transfer and outbreeding between populations. Plant Biology, 1-7, doi: 10.1111/plb/.12986.
  • Delforge, P., 2006. Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Timber Press, Portland.
  • Doijode, S.D., 2001. Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops. Food Products Press, New York, London.
  • Dulıć, J., Ljubojevıć, M., Prlaınovıć, I., Barać, G., Narandžıć, T., Ognjanov, V., 2018. Germination and protocorm formation of Ophrys sphegodes MILL. – In Vitro protocol for a rare orchıd specıes. Contemporary. Agriculture, 67 (3-4): 196-201.
  • Dutra, D., Johnson, T.R., Kauth, P.J., Stewart, S.L., Kane, M.E., Richardson, L., 2008. Asymbiotic seed germination, in vitro seedling development, and greenhouse acclimatization of the threatened terrestrial orchid Bletia purpurea. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 94: 11–21.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Baltieri, M., Fabris, B., Buffa, G., 2017. Are food-deceptive orchid species really functionally specialized for pollinators? Ecological Research, 32: 951–959.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Gaetan, G., Buffa, G., 2019. The resilience of pollination interactions: importance of temporal phases. Journal of Plant Ecology, rty005, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rty005. FAO (2014) Genebank standards for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, Revised edn. Italy, Rome.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Giovanetti, M., Acosta, A.T.R., Buffa, G., 2018. New insights into plant coexistence in species-rich communities: the pollination interaction perspective. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29: 6–14.
  • Ferdy, J.B., Loriot, S., Sandmeier, M., Lefranc, M., Raquin, C., 2001. Inbreeding depression in a rare deceptive orchid. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79: 1181–1188. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-79-10-1181.
  • Frankham, R., 2015. Genetic rescue of small inbred populations: Meta-analysis reveals large and consistent benefits of gene flow. Molecular Ecology, 24: 2610-2618. DOI: 10.1111/mec.13139.
  • Gamarra, R., Ortunez, E., Cela, P.G., Guadano, V., 2012. Anacamptis versus Orchis (Orchidaceae): seed micromorphology and its taxonomic significance. Plant Systematics Evolution, 298:597–607, DOI 10.1007/s00606-011-0569-1.
  • Ghorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Zarre, S., Boer, H.D., 2014. Illegal wild collection and international trade of CITES-listed terrestrial orchid tubers in Iran. Traffıc. vol 26 no 2., p 52.
  • Gilián, L.D., Judit, B., Eszeki, E., Illyes, Z., Biro, E., Nagy, J.G., 2018. Germination traits of Adriatic lizard orchid (Himantoglossum adriaticum) in Hungary. Applied Ecology Environmental Research, 16 (2): 1155-1171, DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1602-11551171.
  • Gutiérrez, I.R., Labarga, J.M.M., Díaz, J.A., Castro, A.G.F., Saiz, J..CM., 2018. Expansion of Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae) in Madrid: a case study on environmental variables and geographical distribution. Mediterranean Botany, 39 (2) 2018: 111-117, http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/MBOT.60081.
  • Hens, H., Pakanen, V.M., Jäkäläniemi, A., Tuomi, J., Kvist, L., 2017. Low population viability in small endangered orchid populations: genetic variation, seedling recruitment and stochasticity. Biological Conservation. 210: 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.019.
  • Hill, N.M., Myra, M.T.D., Johnston, M.O., 2006. Breeding system and early-stage inbreeding depression in a Nova Scotian population of the global rarity, Sabatia kennedyana (Gentianaceae). Rhodora 108: 307–328.
  • Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., 2015. Pollen limitation and the contribution of autonomous selfing to fruit and seed set in a rewarding orchid. American Journal of Botany, 102 (1): 67–72.
  • Johnson, L., 2010. Orchids. First published in the United States in 2010 by DK Publishing, New York.
  • Johri, B.M., 1985. Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Keller, L.F., Waller, D.M., 2002. Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17: 230–241.
  • Lienert J (2004) Habitat fragmentation effects on fitness of plant populations – a review. Journal for Nature Conservation, 12: 53–72.
  • Maheshwari, R., 2005. Fungi-Experimental Methods in Biology. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
  • Miyoshi, K., Mii, M., 1998. Stimulatory effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite, pre-chilling and cytokinins on the germination of Cypripedium macranthos seed in vitro. Physiologia Plantarum, 102: 481-486.
  • Molnár, A.V., Nagy, T., Löki, V., Süveges, K., Takács, A., Bódis, J., Tökölyi, J., 2017. Turkish graveyards as refuges for orchids against tuber harvest. Ecology and Evolution, 2017: 1–8, DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3562.
  • Neiland, M.R.M., 1994. Reproductive Ecology of British and Mediterranean Orchids.-December 1994, Presented at the University of Aberdeen for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 325 pp.
  • Parlak, S., Tutar, M., 2012. Some Soil Properties of The Most Collected Salep Orchids in Karaburun Peninsula. Turkey. 2. Orchids and Sahlep Workshop, April 25 to 26, 2012, Menemen İzmir.
  • Pellissier, L., Vittoz, P., Internicola, A., Gigord, L.D.B., 2010. Generalized food-deceptive orchid species flower earlier and occur at lower altitudes than rewarding ones. Journal of Plant Ecology, volume 3:number 4: 243-250.
  • Pierce, S., Belotti, J., 2011. The conservation of terrestrial orchids: from the Alps to the Po Plain of Lombardy, Parco delle Orobie Bergamasche and the Centro Flora Autoctona della Regione Lombardia. The Native Flora Centre, Milan.
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Plant, tuber and seed properties of Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge and Orchis italica Poiret

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1, 70 - 80, 15.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.888114

Öz

Although orchids are the most rich family of the plant kingdom, they make up the most destroyed group. Due to human impact, environmental factors, tourism and settlement, ornamental plants or food collection, the spread areas are getting narrower and endangered every day. Two of these endangered species due to their use in the food industry are Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge and Orchis italica Poiret. Both of these sahlep orchids taxa are preferred by collectors in terms of their tuber size and the glucomannan contains and are heavily destroyed. Excessive destruction brings some pollination and fertilization problems. Orchid seeds do not have an endosperm and need a symbiotic relationship to germinate. To germinate in an asymbiotic environment, it is necessary to apply the seeds that break dormancy and keep them in a special medium and environment. The structure of the seed coat is important in eliminating the germination barrier in asymbiotic production. In this study tuber and seed morphological and physiological properties of both species were determined. Morphological features such as plant height, tuber weight and dimensions, seed sizes, seed weight, the number of seeds in 1 g, and physiological features such as seed moisture, shell structure and fullness of seeds were determined. The causes of empty seed formation are interpreted in light of the literature.

Kaynakça

  • Aedo, C., Herrero, A., 1986. Flora Iberıca, Plantas vasculares de la Península Ibérica e Islas Baleares. Vol. XXI, Departamento de Publicaciones del CSIC Vitruvio, Madrid.
  • Aguirre, A., Dirzo, R., 2008. Effects of fragmentation on pollinator abundance and fruit set of an abundant understory palm in a Mexican tropical forest. Biological Conservation, 141: 375–384.
  • Altundağ, E., Sevgi, E., Kara., Ö., Sevgi, O., Tecimen, H,B., Bolat, İ., 2014. Himantoglossum Robertianum (Loısel.) P. Delforge (Orchidaceae) türünün morfolojisi, anatomisi ve yetişme ortamı özellikleri. Türkiye 2. Orkide ve Salep Çalıştayı, Ege Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Müdürlüğü, p 173, 25-26 Nisan 2012.
  • Angeloni, F., Ouborg, N.J., Leimu, R., 2011. Meta-analysis on the association of population size and life history with inbreeding depression in plants. Biological Conservation, 144: 35–43.
  • Arditti, J., 1967. Factors affecting the germination of orchid seed. Botanical Review, 33: 1-97.
  • Arditti, J., Ghani, AKA., 2000. Numerical and physical properties of orchid seeds and their biological implications. New Phytologist, 145: 367-421.
  • Arditti, J., M,A., Clements, G., Fast, G., Hadley, G., Nishimura, R. Ernst., 1982. Orchid Seed Germination and Seedling Culture- A manual. In: Orchid Biology- Reviews and Perspectives. Vol. II, Cornell University Press, Ithaca, New York.
  • Argue, C.L., 2012a. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 1, North of Florida and Mexico, Springer, New York.
  • Argue, C.L., 2012b. The Pollination Biology of North American Orchids: Volume 2 North of Florida and Mexico, Springer, New York.
  • Aybeke, M., 2014. Morphological and histochemical investigations on Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge (Orchidaceae) seeds. Plant Systematics Evolution, 300 (1): 91-97, DOI 10.1007/s00606-013-0862-2.
  • Baskin, C.C., Baskin, J.M., 2014. Seeds, Ecology, Biogeography, and Evolution of Dormancy and Germination. Academic Press, San Diego.
  • Bíró, E., Bódıs, J., Nagy, T., Tökölyı, J., Molnár, V., 2015. Honeybee (Apis mellifera) mediated increased reproductive success of a rare deceptive orchid. Applied Ecology Environmental Research, 13: 181–192.
  • Bongers W (1993) Überführung asymbiotisch vermehrter terrestrischer Orchideen in “natürliche” Kultursubstrate. Erschienen in die Orchidee, 44(6): 302-304.
  • Carey, P.D., Farrell, L., 2002. Himantoglossum hircinum (L.) Sprengel. Journal of Ecology, 90:206-218.
  • Charlesworth, D., Charlesworth, B., 1987. Inbreeding depression and its evolutionary consequences. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 18: 237–268.
  • Claessens, J., Kleynen, J., 2016. The Pollination of European Orchids, Part 5: Himantoglossum and Anacamptis, Two Examples of Deceptive Pollination. Journal of Hard Orchid Society, Vol. 13 No.4 (82).
  • Davis, P.H., 1984. Flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. Vol.8. Edinburgh at the University Press, Edinburgh.
  • De, L.C., Pathak, P., Rao, A.N., Rajeevan, P.K., 2014. Commercial Orchids. Published by De Gruyter Open Ltd, Warsaw/Berlin.
  • Del Vecchio, S., Pierce, E., Fantinato, G., Buffa, G., 2019. Increasing the germination percentage of a declining native orchid (Himantoglossum adriaticum) by pollen transfer and outbreeding between populations. Plant Biology, 1-7, doi: 10.1111/plb/.12986.
  • Delforge, P., 2006. Orchids of Europe, North Africa and the Middle East. Timber Press, Portland.
  • Doijode, S.D., 2001. Seed Storage of Horticultural Crops. Food Products Press, New York, London.
  • Dulıć, J., Ljubojevıć, M., Prlaınovıć, I., Barać, G., Narandžıć, T., Ognjanov, V., 2018. Germination and protocorm formation of Ophrys sphegodes MILL. – In Vitro protocol for a rare orchıd specıes. Contemporary. Agriculture, 67 (3-4): 196-201.
  • Dutra, D., Johnson, T.R., Kauth, P.J., Stewart, S.L., Kane, M.E., Richardson, L., 2008. Asymbiotic seed germination, in vitro seedling development, and greenhouse acclimatization of the threatened terrestrial orchid Bletia purpurea. Plant Cell, Tissue and Organ Culture, 94: 11–21.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Baltieri, M., Fabris, B., Buffa, G., 2017. Are food-deceptive orchid species really functionally specialized for pollinators? Ecological Research, 32: 951–959.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Gaetan, G., Buffa, G., 2019. The resilience of pollination interactions: importance of temporal phases. Journal of Plant Ecology, rty005, https://doi.org/10.1093/jpe/rty005. FAO (2014) Genebank standards for plant genetic resources for food and agriculture, Revised edn. Italy, Rome.
  • Fantinato, E., Del Vecchio, S., Giovanetti, M., Acosta, A.T.R., Buffa, G., 2018. New insights into plant coexistence in species-rich communities: the pollination interaction perspective. Journal of Vegetation Science, 29: 6–14.
  • Ferdy, J.B., Loriot, S., Sandmeier, M., Lefranc, M., Raquin, C., 2001. Inbreeding depression in a rare deceptive orchid. Canadian Journal of Botany, 79: 1181–1188. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-79-10-1181.
  • Frankham, R., 2015. Genetic rescue of small inbred populations: Meta-analysis reveals large and consistent benefits of gene flow. Molecular Ecology, 24: 2610-2618. DOI: 10.1111/mec.13139.
  • Gamarra, R., Ortunez, E., Cela, P.G., Guadano, V., 2012. Anacamptis versus Orchis (Orchidaceae): seed micromorphology and its taxonomic significance. Plant Systematics Evolution, 298:597–607, DOI 10.1007/s00606-011-0569-1.
  • Ghorbani, A., Gravendeel, B., Zarre, S., Boer, H.D., 2014. Illegal wild collection and international trade of CITES-listed terrestrial orchid tubers in Iran. Traffıc. vol 26 no 2., p 52.
  • Gilián, L.D., Judit, B., Eszeki, E., Illyes, Z., Biro, E., Nagy, J.G., 2018. Germination traits of Adriatic lizard orchid (Himantoglossum adriaticum) in Hungary. Applied Ecology Environmental Research, 16 (2): 1155-1171, DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1602-11551171.
  • Gutiérrez, I.R., Labarga, J.M.M., Díaz, J.A., Castro, A.G.F., Saiz, J..CM., 2018. Expansion of Himantoglossum robertianum (Orchidaceae) in Madrid: a case study on environmental variables and geographical distribution. Mediterranean Botany, 39 (2) 2018: 111-117, http://dx.doi.org/10.5209/MBOT.60081.
  • Hens, H., Pakanen, V.M., Jäkäläniemi, A., Tuomi, J., Kvist, L., 2017. Low population viability in small endangered orchid populations: genetic variation, seedling recruitment and stochasticity. Biological Conservation. 210: 174–183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2017.04.019.
  • Hill, N.M., Myra, M.T.D., Johnston, M.O., 2006. Breeding system and early-stage inbreeding depression in a Nova Scotian population of the global rarity, Sabatia kennedyana (Gentianaceae). Rhodora 108: 307–328.
  • Jacquemyn, H., Brys, R., 2015. Pollen limitation and the contribution of autonomous selfing to fruit and seed set in a rewarding orchid. American Journal of Botany, 102 (1): 67–72.
  • Johnson, L., 2010. Orchids. First published in the United States in 2010 by DK Publishing, New York.
  • Johri, B.M., 1985. Comparative Embryology of Angiosperms, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
  • Keller, L.F., Waller, D.M., 2002. Inbreeding effects in wild populations. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 17: 230–241.
  • Lienert J (2004) Habitat fragmentation effects on fitness of plant populations – a review. Journal for Nature Conservation, 12: 53–72.
  • Maheshwari, R., 2005. Fungi-Experimental Methods in Biology. Taylor & Francis Group, Boca Raton.
  • Miyoshi, K., Mii, M., 1998. Stimulatory effects of sodium and calcium hypochlorite, pre-chilling and cytokinins on the germination of Cypripedium macranthos seed in vitro. Physiologia Plantarum, 102: 481-486.
  • Molnár, A.V., Nagy, T., Löki, V., Süveges, K., Takács, A., Bódis, J., Tökölyi, J., 2017. Turkish graveyards as refuges for orchids against tuber harvest. Ecology and Evolution, 2017: 1–8, DOI: 10.1002/ece3.3562.
  • Neiland, M.R.M., 1994. Reproductive Ecology of British and Mediterranean Orchids.-December 1994, Presented at the University of Aberdeen for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, 325 pp.
  • Parlak, S., Tutar, M., 2012. Some Soil Properties of The Most Collected Salep Orchids in Karaburun Peninsula. Turkey. 2. Orchids and Sahlep Workshop, April 25 to 26, 2012, Menemen İzmir.
  • Pellissier, L., Vittoz, P., Internicola, A., Gigord, L.D.B., 2010. Generalized food-deceptive orchid species flower earlier and occur at lower altitudes than rewarding ones. Journal of Plant Ecology, volume 3:number 4: 243-250.
  • Pierce, S., Belotti, J., 2011. The conservation of terrestrial orchids: from the Alps to the Po Plain of Lombardy, Parco delle Orobie Bergamasche and the Centro Flora Autoctona della Regione Lombardia. The Native Flora Centre, Milan.
  • Pierce, S., Ferrario, A., Cerabolini, B., 2010. Outbreeding and asymbiotic germination in the conservation of the endangered Italian endemic orchid Ophrys benacensis. Plant Biosystems, 144: 121–127.
  • Rasmussen, H.N., 1995. Terrestrial Orchids; From Seed to Mycotrophic Plant. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Renz, J., Taubenheim, G., 1984. Orchidaceae flora of Turkey and East Aegean Islands. V.8 (P.H.Davis, R.Mill, K. Tan, eds.), Published by University Press, Edinburgh.
  • Rossi, W.,. 2002. Orchidee d’Italia. Quad. Cons. Natura, 15, Min. Ambiente - Ist. Naz. Fauna Selvatica.
  • Sezik, E., İşler, S., Orhan, Ç., Deniz, G.İ., Güler, N., Aybeke, M., Üstün, O., 2007. Salep ve Orkidelerin Tahribi. TÜBİTAK Araştırma Projesi. Proje No: TBAG-Ç.SEK/23(103T008). Ankara.
  • Sezik, E., 2002. Turkish orchids and salep. Acta Pharmaceutica Turcica, 44: 151–157.
  • Sezik, E., 1984. Orkidelerimiz. Sandoz Kültür Yayınları, İstanbul.
  • Slaviero, A., 2016. Use of Lignin Modifying Enzymes (LMEs) to Aid Orchid Seed Germination, PhD Thesis, Scuola Dottorale di Ateneo Graduate School.
  • Sletvold, N., Grindeland, J.M., Zu, P.J., Agren, J., 2012. Strong inbreeding depression and local outbreeding depression in the rewarding orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. Conservation Genetics, 13:1305-1315. DOI:10.1007/s10592-012-0373-7.
  • Smithson, A., 2006. Pollinator limitation and inbreeding depression in orchid species with and without nectar rewards. New Phytologist, 169: 419–430.
  • Spinardi, A., Bassi, D., 2012. Olive fertility as affected by cross-pollination and boron. The Scientific World Journal, 2012: 375631, 1-8 pp.
  • Szendrák, E., 1997. Asymbiotic in Vitro Seed Germination, Micropropagation and Scanning Electron Microscopy of Several Temperate Terrestrial Orchids (Orchidaceae). PhD Thesis, The Graduate College at the University of Nebraska.
  • Tremblay, R.L., Ackerman, J.D., Zimmerman, J.K., Calvo, R.N., 2005. Variation in sexual reproduction in orchids and its evolutionary consequences: a spasmodic journey to diversification. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 84 (1):1 – 54, DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2004.00400.x.
  • Türkmen, N., 2019. Bazı Yabani Orkide Türlerinden Elde Edilen Saleplerin Maraş Usulü Dondurma Üretiminde Kullanım Olanaklarının Araştırılması. PhD Thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü.
  • Veyret, Y., 1974. Development of the Embryo and the Young Seedling Stages of Orchids. In: Withner CL (ed) The Orchids: Scientific Studies. Wiley, New York.
  • Warghat, A.R., Bajpa, P.K., Srivastava, R.B., Chaurasia, O.P., Chauhan, R.S., Sood, H., 2014. In vitro protocorm development and mass multiplication of an endangered orchid, Dactylorhiza hatagirea. Turkish Journal of Botany, 38: 737-746 doi:10.3906/bot-1308-48.
  • Weston, P.H., Perkind., A.J., Entwisle, T.J., 2005. More than symbioses: orchid ecology with examples from the Sydney Region. Cunninghamia 9: 1-15.
Toplam 63 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Orman Endüstri Mühendisliği
Bölüm Yetiştirme
Yazarlar

Salih Parlak 0000-0003-3808-3297

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Haziran 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 28 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Parlak, S. (2022). Plant, tuber and seed properties of Himantoglossum robertianum (Loisel.) P. Delforge and Orchis italica Poiret. Ormancılık Araştırma Dergisi, 9(1), 70-80. https://doi.org/10.17568/ogmoad.888114