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İtalya'da Kooperatiflerin Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdam Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 27.03.2025

Deniz Hacısüleyman

https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1506232

Öz

Ekonomik büyüme ve istihdam kavramlarının, ekonomi literatüründe köklü bir geçmişe sahip olduğu açıktır. Özellikle Sanayi Devrimi ile paralel olarak gerçekleşen entelektüel devrim ve aydınlanmanın etkisiyle, bilimdeki gelişmeler ekonomi alanında da yansıma bulmuştur. Katılımcı ve demokratik bir yönetim yapısını savunan modern kooperatifçilik hareketi, sanayileşme hızına bağlı olarak İngiltere'den başlayarak Avrupa'ya ve dünyaya yayılmıştır. Günümüzde, gelişmiş ülkelerde faaliyet gösteren kooperatifler, ekonomilerinde büyüme ve istihdamı desteklemede önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Sürdürülebilir kalkınma hedefleri doğrultusunda, Avrupa genelinde, özellikle Avrupa Birliği ülkelerinde kooperatiflere verilen önemin arttığı görülmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışmada, uzun bir kooperatif hareketi geçmişine sahip olan İtalya’nın kooperatiflerinin ekonomik büyüme ve istihdam üzerindeki etkisi, 2011-2022 dönemi için İtalya'nın 21 İstatistiki Bölge Birimleri Sınıflandırması-Düzey 2 bölgesine ait İtalya Ulusal İstatistik Enstitüsü verileri kullanılarak oluşturulan modellerle ekonometrik olarak analiz edilmektedir. Ekonometrik analizden elde edilen bulgulara göre, kooperatifler tarafından sağlanan istihdamın, ekonomik büyüme ve toplam istihdam üzerinde olumlu ve istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkileri olduğu görülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

kooperatifler ekonomik büyüme istihdam panel veri analizi

Kaynakça

  • Arellano, M., and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  • Arellano, M., and Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric analysis of panel data (6th ed.), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5
  • Bartlett, W., Cable, J., Estrin, S., Jones, Derek C., and Smith, Stephen C. (1992). Labor-managed cooperatives and private firms in North Central Italy: an empirical comparison. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2524741
  • Birchall, J. (2012). The comparative advantages of member-owned businesses. Review of Social Economy, 70(3), 263-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.632326
  • Birchall, J., and Ketilson, L. H. (2009). Resilience of the cooperative business model in times of crisis: sustainable enterprise programme, ILO.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (2000). GMM estimation with persistent panel data: An application to production functions, Econometric Reviews, 19(3), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800475
  • Borzaga, C., Depedri, S., and Bodini, R. (2010). Cooperatives: the Italian experience. Euricse: Cooperative Opportunities Conference.
  • Borzaga C., Calzaroni, M., Carini, C., and Lori, M. (2019). Structure and performance of Italian cooperatives: a quantitative analysis based on combined use of official data. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 8(1), 65-83. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3444230
  • Cameron, A. C., and Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811241
  • Costa, E., Carini, C., and Borzaga, C. (2012). An assessment of cooperatives ın Italy: economic and occupational insights in 2008. Journal of Co-operative Accounting and Reporting, 1(1), 37-52. https://www.smu.ca/webfiles/v2i1a3.pdf
  • Costa, M., and Delbono, F. (2021). The Italian geography of regional resilience: the role of cooperative firms. Quaderni - Working Paper DSE, No. 1166, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche (DSE). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3951889
  • Costa, M., Delbono, F., and Linguiti, F. (2023). Cooperative movement and widespread prosperity across Italian regions. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 94(2), 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12387
  • Fazzini, M., and Russo, A. (2014). Profitability in the Italian wine sector: an empirical analysis of cooperatives and investor-owned firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(3), 128-135.
  • Filippetti, A., and Tuzi, F. (2023). The response of the Italian regions to the pandemic: a quanti-qualitative analysis. International Review of Public Policy, 5(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.4000/irpp.3684
  • Fusco, F., and Migliaccio, G. (2018). Crisis, sectoral and geographical factors: financial dynamics of Italian cooperatives. EuroMed Journal of Business, 13(2), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-02-2016-0002
  • George, D.A.R., Fontanari, E., and Tortia, E.C. (2019). Finance, property rights and productivity in Italian cooperatives. Euricse Working Paper Series, No: 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3570682
  • Hopkin, J. (2012). A slow fuse: Italy and the EU debt crisis. The International Spectator, 47(4), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2012.735508
  • ICA. (1995). Co-operative Principles for the 21st Century. Review of International Co-operation, 83(3), 3-68.
  • Isenring, K. (2024). Balancing flexibility and stability: leveraging cooperatives for organizational resilience, Ambühl, M., Brusoni, S., Niedworok, A., Gutmann, M. (Ed.) in Cooperatives in an Uncertain World-Contributions to Management Science (pp. 151-175), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56200-6_9
  • Jackson, A.J.H. (2016). The cooperative movement and the education of working men and women: provision by a local society in Lincoln, England, 1861–1914. International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 90, 28-51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014754791600020X
  • La cooperazione italiana nei dati dei censimenti, Retrieved from https://www.cooperazione.net/fileadmin/coop/uploads/La_cooperazione_italiana_nei_dati_dei_censimenti_01.pdf on June 25, 2021.
  • Lane, P.R. (2012). The european sovereign debt crisis. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.49
  • Lee, H., and Van Cayseele, P. (2024). Market power, markup volatility and the role of cooperatives in the food value chain: evidence from Italy. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 51(3), 844-894. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbac001
  • Maietta, O. W., and Sena, V. (2008). Is competition really bad news for cooperatives? Some empirical evidence for Italian producers' cooperatives. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 29(3), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-008-0100-z
  • Majee, W., and Hoyt, A. (2011). Cooperatives and community development: a perspective on the use of cooperatives in development. Journal of Community Practice, 19(1), 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2011.550260
  • Menzani, T., and Zamagni, V. (2010). Cooperative networks in the Italian economy. Enterprise & Society, 11(1), 98-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khp029
  • MISE. (2021). Descrizione del mondo cooperativo Italiano: Statistiche albo 2021 e bilanci 2019, Retrieved from https://www.mise.gov.it/images/stories/documenti/Descrizi one_del_Mondo_cooperativo_Italiano_- _Novembre_2021.pdf on Jan 15,2022.
  • Oakeshott, R. (1990). The case for workers’ co-ops. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • OECD. (2021). The spatial dimension of productivity in Italian cooperatives. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers No. 2021/02 OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/4f9b9d77-en
  • Palermo, F. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and its Impact on Italy’s governance and security. Prism, 9(4), 118-132. Roelants, B., Hyungsik E., and Terrasi, E. (2014), Cooperatives and employment: a global report, CICOPA.
  • Smith, S. C. (1994). Innovation and market strategy in Italian industrial cooperatives: econometric evidence on organizational comparative advantage. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 23(3), 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(94)90004-3
  • Smith, S. C., and Rothbaum, J. (2013). Cooperatives in a global economy: key economic issues, recent trends, and potential for development, IZA Policy Paper.
  • Tereshtenko, V. J. (1944). The cooperative movement in Italy, Rochdale Cooperator, 13(8-9), 289. Retrieved from https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A32389/datastream/OBJ/view/The_cooperative_movement_in_Italy.pdf on October 25,2019.
  • Tortia, E., and Troisi, R. (2021). The resilience and adaptative strategies of Italian cooperatives during the covid-19 pandemic. Foresight and STI Governance, 15(4), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2021.4.78.88 Vargas-Cetina, G. (2011). Corporations, cooperatives, and the state: examples from Italy. Current Anthropology, 52(3), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1086/656784
  • Veneziani, B. (1987). Industrial democracy in Italy. International Studies of Management & Organization, 17(2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1987.11656455
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Ekonometri: stata uygulamalı, Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2023). İleri panel veri analizi: stata uygulamalı, Beta Yayınları.
  • Zamagni, S., and Zamagni, V. (2010). Cooperative enterprise: facing the challenge of globalization, Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805667
  • Zeuli, K. A., and Cropp, R. (2004). Cooperatives: principles and practices in the 21st century, Madison WI, University of Wisconsin.

Impact of Cooperatives on Economic Growth and Employment in Italy

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1, 1 - 22, 27.03.2025

Deniz Hacısüleyman

https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1506232

Öz

The concepts of economic growth and employment evidently have a deep-rooted history in the economics literature. Especially with the effect of the intellectual revolution and enlightenment that took place in parallel with the Industrial Revolution, the developments in science have also found reflection in the field of economy. The modern cooperative movement, which advocates a participatory and democratic management structure, has spread to Europe and to the world starting from England depending on the pace of industrialization. Today, cooperatives operating in developed countries have an important role in supporting economic growth and employment in their economies. In line with the sustainable development goals, it is observed that the importance attributed to cooperatives has increased throughout Europe, especially in the European Union countries. Accordingly, in this study, the effect of cooperatives on economic growth and employment in Italy, which has a long history of cooperative movement, is analyzed econometrically with the models created using the data from Italian National Institute of Statistics regarding Italy’s 21 Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics-2 regions for the period of 2011-2022. According to the findings from the econometric analysis, it is seen that the employment created by the cooperatives has positive and statistically significant effects on economic growth and employment.

Anahtar Kelimeler

cooperatives economic growth employment panel data analysis

Kaynakça

  • Arellano, M., and Bond, S. (1991). Some tests of specification for panel data: Monte Carlo evidence and an application to employment equations. The Review of Economic Studies, 58(2), 277-297. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297968
  • Arellano, M., and Bover, O. (1995). Another look at the instrumental variable estimation of error-components models, Journal of Econometrics, 68(1), 29-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-4076(94)01642-D
  • Baltagi, B. H. (2021). Econometric analysis of panel data (6th ed.), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-53953-5
  • Bartlett, W., Cable, J., Estrin, S., Jones, Derek C., and Smith, Stephen C. (1992). Labor-managed cooperatives and private firms in North Central Italy: an empirical comparison. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 46(1), 103-118. https://doi.org/10.2307/2524741
  • Birchall, J. (2012). The comparative advantages of member-owned businesses. Review of Social Economy, 70(3), 263-294. https://doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2011.632326
  • Birchall, J., and Ketilson, L. H. (2009). Resilience of the cooperative business model in times of crisis: sustainable enterprise programme, ILO.
  • Blundell, R., & Bond, S. (2000). GMM estimation with persistent panel data: An application to production functions, Econometric Reviews, 19(3), 321-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474930008800475
  • Borzaga, C., Depedri, S., and Bodini, R. (2010). Cooperatives: the Italian experience. Euricse: Cooperative Opportunities Conference.
  • Borzaga C., Calzaroni, M., Carini, C., and Lori, M. (2019). Structure and performance of Italian cooperatives: a quantitative analysis based on combined use of official data. Journal of Entrepreneurial and Organizational Diversity, 8(1), 65-83. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3444230
  • Cameron, A. C., and Trivedi, P. K. (2005). Microeconometrics: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511811241
  • Costa, E., Carini, C., and Borzaga, C. (2012). An assessment of cooperatives ın Italy: economic and occupational insights in 2008. Journal of Co-operative Accounting and Reporting, 1(1), 37-52. https://www.smu.ca/webfiles/v2i1a3.pdf
  • Costa, M., and Delbono, F. (2021). The Italian geography of regional resilience: the role of cooperative firms. Quaderni - Working Paper DSE, No. 1166, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, Dipartimento di Scienze Economiche (DSE). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3951889
  • Costa, M., Delbono, F., and Linguiti, F. (2023). Cooperative movement and widespread prosperity across Italian regions. Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 94(2), 475-494. https://doi.org/10.1111/apce.12387
  • Fazzini, M., and Russo, A. (2014). Profitability in the Italian wine sector: an empirical analysis of cooperatives and investor-owned firms. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 4(3), 128-135.
  • Filippetti, A., and Tuzi, F. (2023). The response of the Italian regions to the pandemic: a quanti-qualitative analysis. International Review of Public Policy, 5(3), 269-291. https://doi.org/10.4000/irpp.3684
  • Fusco, F., and Migliaccio, G. (2018). Crisis, sectoral and geographical factors: financial dynamics of Italian cooperatives. EuroMed Journal of Business, 13(2), 130-148. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-02-2016-0002
  • George, D.A.R., Fontanari, E., and Tortia, E.C. (2019). Finance, property rights and productivity in Italian cooperatives. Euricse Working Paper Series, No: 110. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3570682
  • Hopkin, J. (2012). A slow fuse: Italy and the EU debt crisis. The International Spectator, 47(4), 35-48. https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2012.735508
  • ICA. (1995). Co-operative Principles for the 21st Century. Review of International Co-operation, 83(3), 3-68.
  • Isenring, K. (2024). Balancing flexibility and stability: leveraging cooperatives for organizational resilience, Ambühl, M., Brusoni, S., Niedworok, A., Gutmann, M. (Ed.) in Cooperatives in an Uncertain World-Contributions to Management Science (pp. 151-175), Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56200-6_9
  • Jackson, A.J.H. (2016). The cooperative movement and the education of working men and women: provision by a local society in Lincoln, England, 1861–1914. International Labor and Working-Class History, No. 90, 28-51. https://doi.org/10.1017/S014754791600020X
  • La cooperazione italiana nei dati dei censimenti, Retrieved from https://www.cooperazione.net/fileadmin/coop/uploads/La_cooperazione_italiana_nei_dati_dei_censimenti_01.pdf on June 25, 2021.
  • Lane, P.R. (2012). The european sovereign debt crisis. The Journal of Economic Perspectives, 26(3), 49-67. https://doi.org/10.1257/jep.26.3.49
  • Lee, H., and Van Cayseele, P. (2024). Market power, markup volatility and the role of cooperatives in the food value chain: evidence from Italy. European Review of Agricultural Economics, 51(3), 844-894. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbac001
  • Maietta, O. W., and Sena, V. (2008). Is competition really bad news for cooperatives? Some empirical evidence for Italian producers' cooperatives. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 29(3), 221-233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11123-008-0100-z
  • Majee, W., and Hoyt, A. (2011). Cooperatives and community development: a perspective on the use of cooperatives in development. Journal of Community Practice, 19(1), 48-61. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705422.2011.550260
  • Menzani, T., and Zamagni, V. (2010). Cooperative networks in the Italian economy. Enterprise & Society, 11(1), 98-127. https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khp029
  • MISE. (2021). Descrizione del mondo cooperativo Italiano: Statistiche albo 2021 e bilanci 2019, Retrieved from https://www.mise.gov.it/images/stories/documenti/Descrizi one_del_Mondo_cooperativo_Italiano_- _Novembre_2021.pdf on Jan 15,2022.
  • Oakeshott, R. (1990). The case for workers’ co-ops. Palgrave Macmillan UK.
  • OECD. (2021). The spatial dimension of productivity in Italian cooperatives. OECD Local Economic and Employment Development (LEED) Papers No. 2021/02 OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/4f9b9d77-en
  • Palermo, F. (2021). Covid-19 pandemic and its Impact on Italy’s governance and security. Prism, 9(4), 118-132. Roelants, B., Hyungsik E., and Terrasi, E. (2014), Cooperatives and employment: a global report, CICOPA.
  • Smith, S. C. (1994). Innovation and market strategy in Italian industrial cooperatives: econometric evidence on organizational comparative advantage. Journal of Economic Behavior&Organization, 23(3), 303-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2681(94)90004-3
  • Smith, S. C., and Rothbaum, J. (2013). Cooperatives in a global economy: key economic issues, recent trends, and potential for development, IZA Policy Paper.
  • Tereshtenko, V. J. (1944). The cooperative movement in Italy, Rochdale Cooperator, 13(8-9), 289. Retrieved from https://fau.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fau%3A32389/datastream/OBJ/view/The_cooperative_movement_in_Italy.pdf on October 25,2019.
  • Tortia, E., and Troisi, R. (2021). The resilience and adaptative strategies of Italian cooperatives during the covid-19 pandemic. Foresight and STI Governance, 15(4), 78-88. https://doi.org/10.17323/2500-2597.2021.4.78.88 Vargas-Cetina, G. (2011). Corporations, cooperatives, and the state: examples from Italy. Current Anthropology, 52(3), 127-136. https://doi.org/10.1086/656784
  • Veneziani, B. (1987). Industrial democracy in Italy. International Studies of Management & Organization, 17(2), 69-77. https://doi.org/10.1080/00208825.1987.11656455
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2020). Ekonometri: stata uygulamalı, Beta Yayınları.
  • Yerdelen Tatoğlu, F. (2023). İleri panel veri analizi: stata uygulamalı, Beta Yayınları.
  • Zamagni, S., and Zamagni, V. (2010). Cooperative enterprise: facing the challenge of globalization, Edward Elgar. https://doi.org/10.4337/9781849805667
  • Zeuli, K. A., and Cropp, R. (2004). Cooperatives: principles and practices in the 21st century, Madison WI, University of Wisconsin.
Toplam 40 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Ekonomik Kalkınma Politikası
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Deniz Hacısüleyman 0000-0002-0169-2294

Yayımlanma Tarihi 27 Mart 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 27 Haziran 2024
Kabul Tarihi 19 Mart 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 14 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Hacısüleyman, D. (2025). Impact of Cooperatives on Economic Growth and Employment in Italy. Kırklareli Üniversitesi İktisadi Ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(1), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.53306/klujfeas.1506232
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