Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster
Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 90 - 98, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1124453

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Adams, R. P. (2001). Identification of essential oil components by Gaschromatography/ Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Carol Stream IL: Allured Publ Crop.
  • Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Azam, A., & Khan, A. M. (2014). The optimization of biodiesel production from a novel source of wild non-edible oil yielding plant Silybum marianum. International Journal of Green Energy, 11, 589-594.
  • Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi , B. H., Anwar, S., & Basir, A. (2013). DPPH free radical scavenging activity and phenotypic difference in hepatoprotective plant (Silybum marianum). Toxicology and Industrial Health, 29, 460-467.
  • Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.]. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41, 340-347.
  • Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 462-468.
  • Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Phytotherapeutic properties of milk thistle seeds: an overview. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 1, 69-79.
  • Deep, G., & Agarwal, R. (2010). Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 29, 447-463.
  • El-Mallah, M. H., El-Shami, S. M., & Hassanein, M. M. (2003). Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites, 54, 397-402.
  • Elwekeel, A., Elfishawy, A., & AbouZid, S. (2013). Silymarin content in Silybum marianum fruits at different maturity stages. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7, 1665-1669.
  • Flora, K., Hahn, M, Rosen, H., & Benner, K. (1998). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 93, 139-143.
  • Gazak, R., Walterova, D., & Kren, V. (2007). Silybin and silymarinnew and emerging applications in medicine. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 4, 315-338.
  • Ghafor, Y., Mohammad, N. N., & Salh, D. M. (2014). Extraction and determination of chemical ingredients from stems of Silybum marianum. Chemical and Materials Research, 6, 26-32.
  • Gurbuz, B., Gumuscu, A., & Arslan, N. (2000). The effect of plant frequency on seed yield of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Proceedings of The XIIth Symposium On Plant Originated Crude Drugs, Ankara, Turkey. p. 107-110.
  • Hammer, K., Knupffer, H., Laghetti, G., & Perrino, P. (1992). Seeds From the Past. A Catalogue of Crop Germplasm in South Italy And Sicily, In: Germplasm Institute of C.N.R. (Eds.) Bari, Italy, p. 173.
  • Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products, 34, 825-830.
  • Kaur, A. K., Wahi, A. K., Kumar, B., Bhandari, A., & Prasad N. (2011). Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 3, 1-10.
  • Khan, M. Z., Blackshaw, R. E., & Marwat, K. B. (2009). Biology of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the management options for growers in north-western Pakistan. Weed Biology and Management, 9, 99-105.
  • Kroll, D. J., Shaw, H. S., & Oberlies, N. H. (2007). Milk thistle nomenclature: why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6, 110-119.
  • Ledda, L., Deligios, P., Farci, R., & Sulas, L. (2013). Biomass supply for energetic purposes from some Carduae species grown in a Mediterranean rainfed low input cropping system. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 218-226.
  • Mhamdi, B., Abbassi, F., Smaoui, A., Abdelly, C., & Marzouk, B. (2016). Fatty acids, essential oil and phenolics composition of Silybum marianum seeds and their antioxidant activities. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 29, 953-959.
  • National committee for clinical laboratory standards (N. C. C. L. S). (1999). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: ninth informational supplement 19, 21.
  • Perrino, E. V., Brunetti, G., & Farrag, K. (2014). Plant communities in multi-metal contaminated soils: a case study in the national park of Alta Murgia (Apulia Region-Southern Italy). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16, 871-888.
  • Polyak, S. J., Morishima, C., Lohmann, V., Pal, S., Lee, D. Y. W., Liu, Y., Graf, T. N., & Oberlies, N. H. (2010). Identification of hepatoprotective flavonolignans from silymarin. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 5995-5999.
  • Rio-Celestino, M. D., Font, R., Moreno-Rojas, R., & De Haro-Bailon, A. (2006). Uptake of lead and zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Industrial Crops and Products, 24, 230-237.
  • Scambia, G., De Vincenzo, R., Ranelletti, F. O., Panici, P. B., Ferrandina, G., Agostino, G. D., Fattorossi, A., Bombardelli, E., & Mancuso, S. (1996). Antiproliferative effectof silybin on gynaecological malignancies: synergism with cisplatin anddoxorubicin. European Journal of Cancer, 32, 877-882.
  • Sidhu, M. C., & Saini, P. (2012). Silybum marianum: a plant of high medicinal importance: a review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1, 72-86.
  • Sulas, L., Murgia, L., & Ventura, A. (2008). Phytomass production from Silybum marianum for bioenergy. Options Méditerranéennes, A79, 487-490.
  • Veres, T., & Tyr, S. (2012). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) as a weed in sustainable crop rotation. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, 118-122.
  • Yaldiz, G. (2017). Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, 102-107.
  • Yue, J., Zhu, Z., & Li, X. (2017). Antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates isolated from Silybum marianum. Current Science, 113, 496-500.

Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Milk Thistle Seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.)

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2, 90 - 98, 01.12.2022
https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1124453

Öz

Milk Thistle Seeds (MTS) purifies the liver from all toxic and harmful substances, supports the regeneration of liver cells. In this study, the chemical composition of milk thistle seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertner = Carduus marianus L.) and also its biological activity were determined. Essential oil was analyzed using by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) techniques. After that, the essential oil was tested against bacteria and fungi by agar well diffusion and micro dilution methods. The essential oil yield was 1.1% (v/w). Eight constituents were comprised the 97.3% of the total oil extract of the Milk thistle seeds. The major compounds were determined as oleic acid (45.6%), linoleic acid (29.0%), ethylbenzene (7.0%) and stearic acid (5.7%). The seed essential oils of MTS significantly inhibited the growth of Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Escherichia coli and Streptococcus sp.) bacteria (p < 0.05). The oils also showed fungicidal activity against Candida tropicalis and C. globrata.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, R. P. (2001). Identification of essential oil components by Gaschromatography/ Quadrupole Mass Spectroscopy. Carol Stream IL: Allured Publ Crop.
  • Ahmad, M., Zafar, M., Sultana, S., Azam, A., & Khan, A. M. (2014). The optimization of biodiesel production from a novel source of wild non-edible oil yielding plant Silybum marianum. International Journal of Green Energy, 11, 589-594.
  • Ahmad, N., Fazal, H., Abbasi , B. H., Anwar, S., & Basir, A. (2013). DPPH free radical scavenging activity and phenotypic difference in hepatoprotective plant (Silybum marianum). Toxicology and Industrial Health, 29, 460-467.
  • Alemardan, A., Karkanis, A., & Salehi, R. (2013). Breeding objectives and selection criteria for milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.]. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 41, 340-347.
  • Andrzejewska, J., Sadowska, K., & Mielcarek, S. (2011). Effect of sowing date and rate on the yield and flavonolignan content of the fruits of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.). Industrial Crops and Products, 33, 462-468.
  • Bhattacharya, S. (2011). Phytotherapeutic properties of milk thistle seeds: an overview. Journal of Advanced Pharmacy Education & Research, 1, 69-79.
  • Deep, G., & Agarwal, R. (2010). Antimetastatic efficacy of silibinin: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential against cancer. Cancer Metastasis Reviews, 29, 447-463.
  • El-Mallah, M. H., El-Shami, S. M., & Hassanein, M. M. (2003). Detailed studies on some lipids of Silybum marianum (L.) seed oil. Grasas y Aceites, 54, 397-402.
  • Elwekeel, A., Elfishawy, A., & AbouZid, S. (2013). Silymarin content in Silybum marianum fruits at different maturity stages. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 7, 1665-1669.
  • Flora, K., Hahn, M, Rosen, H., & Benner, K. (1998). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 93, 139-143.
  • Gazak, R., Walterova, D., & Kren, V. (2007). Silybin and silymarinnew and emerging applications in medicine. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 4, 315-338.
  • Ghafor, Y., Mohammad, N. N., & Salh, D. M. (2014). Extraction and determination of chemical ingredients from stems of Silybum marianum. Chemical and Materials Research, 6, 26-32.
  • Gurbuz, B., Gumuscu, A., & Arslan, N. (2000). The effect of plant frequency on seed yield of milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Proceedings of The XIIth Symposium On Plant Originated Crude Drugs, Ankara, Turkey. p. 107-110.
  • Hammer, K., Knupffer, H., Laghetti, G., & Perrino, P. (1992). Seeds From the Past. A Catalogue of Crop Germplasm in South Italy And Sicily, In: Germplasm Institute of C.N.R. (Eds.) Bari, Italy, p. 173.
  • Karkanis, A., Bilalis, D., & Efthimiadou, A. (2011). Cultivation of milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.), a medicinal weed. Industrial Crops and Products, 34, 825-830.
  • Kaur, A. K., Wahi, A. K., Kumar, B., Bhandari, A., & Prasad N. (2011). Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum): a review. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Development, 3, 1-10.
  • Khan, M. Z., Blackshaw, R. E., & Marwat, K. B. (2009). Biology of milk thistle (Silybum marianum) and the management options for growers in north-western Pakistan. Weed Biology and Management, 9, 99-105.
  • Kroll, D. J., Shaw, H. S., & Oberlies, N. H. (2007). Milk thistle nomenclature: why it matters in cancer research and pharmacokinetic studies. Integrative Cancer Therapies, 6, 110-119.
  • Ledda, L., Deligios, P., Farci, R., & Sulas, L. (2013). Biomass supply for energetic purposes from some Carduae species grown in a Mediterranean rainfed low input cropping system. Industrial Crops and Products, 47, 218-226.
  • Mhamdi, B., Abbassi, F., Smaoui, A., Abdelly, C., & Marzouk, B. (2016). Fatty acids, essential oil and phenolics composition of Silybum marianum seeds and their antioxidant activities. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 29, 953-959.
  • National committee for clinical laboratory standards (N. C. C. L. S). (1999). Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: ninth informational supplement 19, 21.
  • Perrino, E. V., Brunetti, G., & Farrag, K. (2014). Plant communities in multi-metal contaminated soils: a case study in the national park of Alta Murgia (Apulia Region-Southern Italy). International Journal of Phytoremediation, 16, 871-888.
  • Polyak, S. J., Morishima, C., Lohmann, V., Pal, S., Lee, D. Y. W., Liu, Y., Graf, T. N., & Oberlies, N. H. (2010). Identification of hepatoprotective flavonolignans from silymarin. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 107, 5995-5999.
  • Rio-Celestino, M. D., Font, R., Moreno-Rojas, R., & De Haro-Bailon, A. (2006). Uptake of lead and zinc by wild plants growing on contaminated soils. Industrial Crops and Products, 24, 230-237.
  • Scambia, G., De Vincenzo, R., Ranelletti, F. O., Panici, P. B., Ferrandina, G., Agostino, G. D., Fattorossi, A., Bombardelli, E., & Mancuso, S. (1996). Antiproliferative effectof silybin on gynaecological malignancies: synergism with cisplatin anddoxorubicin. European Journal of Cancer, 32, 877-882.
  • Sidhu, M. C., & Saini, P. (2012). Silybum marianum: a plant of high medicinal importance: a review. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research, 1, 72-86.
  • Sulas, L., Murgia, L., & Ventura, A. (2008). Phytomass production from Silybum marianum for bioenergy. Options Méditerranéennes, A79, 487-490.
  • Veres, T., & Tyr, S. (2012). Milk thistle (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.) as a weed in sustainable crop rotation. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 44, 118-122.
  • Yaldiz, G. (2017). Effects of potassium sulfate [K2SO4] on the element contents, polyphenol content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Pharmacognosy Magazine, 13, 102-107.
  • Yue, J., Zhu, Z., & Li, X. (2017). Antibacterial activity of protease hydrolysates isolated from Silybum marianum. Current Science, 113, 496-500.
Toplam 30 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Yapısal Biyoloji
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Gülden Doğan 0000-0002-7668-3368

Nazan Kara 0000-0001-9588-0706

Seher Gür 0000-0003-0081-5990

Eyup Bagcı 0000-0002-1824-9424

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 27 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 1 Aralık 2022
Gönderilme Tarihi 1 Haziran 2022
Kabul Tarihi 2 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 6 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğan, G., Kara, N., Gür, S., Bagcı, E. (2022). Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Milk Thistle Seeds (Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.). International Journal of Nature and Life Sciences, 6(2), 90-98. https://doi.org/10.47947/ijnls.1124453