Öz
Bu araştırmanın amacı unilateral squat egzersizleri sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetlerinin karşılaştırılmasıdır. Çalışmaya Spor Bilimleri Fakültesinde eğitim gören, 18-25 yaş aralığındaki, 21 erkek gönüllü katılmıştır. Katılımcılardan altı farklı unilateral squat egzersizini (1-Split squat, 2-Bulgar squat, 3-Trx Bulgar squat, 4-Tek bacak squat 5-Yana squat, 6-Adım squat) baskın ekstremiteleri kuvvet platformu üzerinde olacak şekilde yapmaları istenilmiştir. Katılımcılar egzersizler sırasında vücut ağırlıklarının %10’una denk gelen halter ekipmanı taşımıştır. Egzersiz fazlarının değerlendirilmesinde iki adet yüksek hızlı kameradan (Vooskühler, Germany) yararlanılmıştır. Egzersizler sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvveti verileri, kuvvet platformu (MatScan System; Tekscan, Inc., USA) aracılığıyla alınmıştır. Çalışmamızda her bir olgu, altı farklı unilateral squat egzersizini üç tekrarlı olarak yapmış ve her bir egzersize ait zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetleri bu üç tekrarın ortalaması alınarak ayrı ayrı hesaplanmıştır. Egzersizler sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetleri Friedman testiyle karşılaştırılmıştır. Grupların ikili karşılaştırılmasında Wilcoxon testi kullanılmıştır. Çalışmamız sonucunda tek bacak ve adım squat egzersizlerinin hem eksantrik hem de konsantrik fazları sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetleri diğer egzersizlerde oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetlerinden anlamlı olarak büyükken; split squat egzersizi sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetleri diğer egzersizlerde oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetlerinden anlamlı olarak düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Ayrıca Trx Bulgar squat egzersizi sırasında oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetlerinin Bulgar ve yana squat egzersizlerinde oluşan zirve dikey yer reaksiyon kuvvetlerinden anlamlı olarak büyük olduğu belirlenmiştir (p<0,05). Çalışma sonuçlarımız, her egzersiz tipinin doğurduğu yer reaksiyon kuvvetinin büyüklüğü dikkate alınarak, kuvvet artırımı veya rehabilitasyon hedeflerine uygun egzersizlerin seçiminde yardımcı olacaktır.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Etik Beyan
Çalışmamız bilimsel yayın etik kuralları çerçevesinde gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Kaynakça
- Aguilera-Castells, J., Buscà, B., Morales, J., Solana-Tramunt, M., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Rey-Abella, F., Bantulà, J., & Peña, J. (2019). Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface. PLoS ONE, 14(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.
- Chapman, C. J. (2018). Biomechanical Analyses of Bodyweight Unilateral Lower Limb Exercise Tasks. Comparison of Common Squatting and Lunging Movements. University of Northern Iowa, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 94.
- Choe, K.H., Coburn, J.W., Costa, P.B., & Pamukoff D.N. (2021). Hip and Knee Kinetics During a Back Squat and Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res, 35(5), 1364-1371. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002908. PMID: 30335723.
- Ciccolo, J. T., & Kraemer, W. J. (2013). Resistance Training for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. In Resistance Training for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. New York. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15527
- Collins, K.S., Klawitter, L.A., Waldera, R.W., Mahoney, S.J., & Christensen, B.K., (2021). Differences in Muscle Activity and Kinetics Between the Goblet Squat and Landmine Squat in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res, 35(10), 2661-2668. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004094. PMID: 34341315.
- Comfort, P., Jones, P. A., Smith, L. C., & Herrington, L. (2015). Joint kinetics and kinematics during common lower limb rehabilitation exercises. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(10), 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.05.
- Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 2. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 1(3), 132-9. PMID: 21522225; PMCID: PMC2953359.
- Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 1. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 1(2), 62-72. PMID: 21522216; PMCID: PMC2953313.
- Dali, S., Justine, M., Ahmad, H., & Othman, Z. (2013). Comparison of ground reaction force during different angle of squatting. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(3), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.83.02
- Ebben, W.P., Fauth, M.L., Kaufmann, C.E., & Petushek, E.J. (2010). Magnitude and rate of mechanical loading of a variety of exercise modes. J Strength Cond Res, 24(1):213-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c27da3. PMID: 19924011.
- Eckstein, F., Hudelmaier, M., & Putz, R. (2006). The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. Journal of Anatomy, 208(4), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7580.2006.00546.X
- Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
- Escamilla, R.F. (2001). Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(1):127-41. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200101000-00020. PMID: 11194098.
- Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Valero-Campo, C., Berzosa, C., Bataller, A. V., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Moras, G., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2017). Eccentric-Overload Training in Team-Sport Functional Performance: Constant Bilateral Vertical Versus Variable Unilateral Multidirectional Movements. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(7), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2016-0251
- Gulmez, I. (2017). Effects of Angle Variations in Suspension Push-up Exercise. J Strength Cond Res, 31(4), 1017-1023. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001401. PMID: 26950344.
- Han, S., Ge, S., Liu, H., & Liu, R. (2013). Alterations in three-dimensional knee kinematics and kinetics during neutral, squeeze and outward squat. Journal of Human Kinetics, 39(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0068
- Herberhold, C., Faber, S., Stammberger, T., Steinlechner, M., Putz, R., Englmeier, K.H., Reiser, M., & Eckstein, F. (1999). In situ measurement of articular cartilage deformation in intact femoropatellar joints under static loading. J Biomech, 32(12):1287-95. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00130-x. PMID: 10569707.
- Kedziorek, J., ve Blazkiewich, M. (2022). Influence of the base of support widths on postural control and feet loading symmetry during squat – preliminary study. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 24(2), 55-63. doi: 10.37190/ABB-02033-2022-02.
- Koyama, K., Kato, T., & Yamauchi, J. (2014). The effect of ankle taping on the ground reaction force in vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res, 28(5):1411-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000260. PMID: 24126899.
- Konrardy, C. (2017). Comparison of forward lean during Bulgarian split squat at high and low box heights. University of Northern Iowa. Dissertations and Theses UNI. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/460.
- Lockie, R., Orjalo, A., Moreno, M., & Lockie, R. G. (2018). A pilot analysis: Can the Bulgarian split squat potantiate sprint acceleration in strength trained men? Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES1703453L.
- Mausehund, L, Skard, A.E., & Krosshaug, T. (2019). Muscle Activation in Unilateral Barbell Exercises: Implications for Strength Training and Rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res, 33(l), 85-S94. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002617. PMID: 29870422.
- McCrory, J. L., White, S. C., & Lifeso, R. M. (2001). Vertical ground reaction forces: Objective measures of gait following hip arthroplasty. Gait and Posture, 14(2), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00140-0
- McCurdy, K., & Conner, C. (2003). Unilateral support resistance training incorporating the hip and knee. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 25(2), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200304000-00007.
- McCurdy, K., Langford, G. A., Cline, A. L., Doscher, M., & Hoff, R. (2004). The reliability of 1- and 3RM tests of unilateral strength in trained and untrained men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(3), 190–196. PMID: 24482597; PMCID: PMC3905302.
- Melrose, D., & Dawes, J. (2015). Resistance characteristics of the TRX suspension training system at different angles and distances from the hanging point. Research Article Melrose and Dawes. J Athl Enhancement, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4245.1047.
- Santana, J. C. (2001). Sports-specific conditioning: Single-Leg Training for 2-Legged Sports: Efficacy of Strength Development in Athletic Performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 23(3), 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2001)023.
- Sato, K., & Liebenson, C. (2013). The lateral squat. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 2013(17), 560-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.09.005.
- Schellenberg, F., Taylor, W. R., & Lorenzetti, S. (2017). Towards evidence based strength training: A comparison of muscle forces during deadlifts, goodmornings and split squats. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0077-x.
- Secomb, J. L., Tran, T. T., Lundgren, L., Farley, O. R. L., & Sheppard, J. M. (2014). Single-leg squat progressions. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36(5), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.
- Soligard, T., Myklebust, G., Steffen, K., Holme, I., Silvers, H., Bizzini, M., Junge, A., Dvorak, J., Bahr, R., & Andersen, T. E. (2009). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 338(7686), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2469.
- Speirs, D.E., Bennett, M.A., Finn, C.V., & Turner, A.P., (2016). Unilateral vs. Bilateral Squat Training for Strength, Sprints, and Agility in Academy Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res, 30(2), 386-92. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001096. PMID: 26200193.
- Van Rossom, S., Smith, C. R., Thelen, D. G., Vanwanseele, B., Van Assche, D., & Jonkers, I. (2018). Knee joint loading in healthy adults during functional exercises: Implications for rehabilitation guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 48(3), 162–173. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7459.
- Winter, D. A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor Control of human movement (Fourth Edition). In Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement: Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470549148.
Öz
The aim of this research is to compare the peak vertical ground reaction forces that occur during unilateral squat exercises. Twenty-one male volunteers, aged between 18-25, studying at the Faculty of Sport Sciences, participated in the study. Participants were asked to perform six different unilateral squat exercises (1-Split squat, 2- Step squat, 3-Bulgarian squat, 4-Trx Bulgarian Squat, 5-Side squat, 6-Single leg squat) with their dominant extremities on the force platform. Participants carried barbell equipment equivalent to 10% of their body weight during the exercises. Two high-speed cameras (Vooskühler, Germany) were used to evaluate the exercise phases. Peak vertical ground reaction force data occurring during the exercises were captured via the force platform (MatScan System; Tekscan, Inc., USA). In our study, each subject performed six different unilateral squat exercises in three repetitions, and the peak vertical ground reaction forces of each exercise were calculated separately by taking the average of these three repetitions. Peak vertical ground reaction forces occurring during the exercises were compared with the Friedman test. Wilcoxon test was used for pairwise comparison of groups. As a result of our study, the peak vertical ground reaction forces that occurred during both the eccentric and concentric phases of the single leg and step squat exercises were significantly higher than the other exercises, while the peak vertical ground reaction forces that occurred during the split squat were found to be significantly lower than the other exercises (p<0.05). Additionally, it was determined that the peak vertical ground reaction forces occurring during the Trx Bulgarian squat exercise were significantly higher than the peak vertical ground reaction forces occurring during the Bulgarian and side squat exercises. Our study results will help in the selection of exercises suitable for strength increase or rehabilitation goals, taking into account the magnitude of the ground reaction force generated by each type of exercise.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Kaynakça
- Aguilera-Castells, J., Buscà, B., Morales, J., Solana-Tramunt, M., Fort-Vanmeerhaeghe, A., Rey-Abella, F., Bantulà, J., & Peña, J. (2019). Muscle activity of Bulgarian squat Effects of additional vibration, suspension and unstable surface. PLoS ONE, 14(8), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0221710.
- Chapman, C. J. (2018). Biomechanical Analyses of Bodyweight Unilateral Lower Limb Exercise Tasks. Comparison of Common Squatting and Lunging Movements. University of Northern Iowa, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses, 94.
- Choe, K.H., Coburn, J.W., Costa, P.B., & Pamukoff D.N. (2021). Hip and Knee Kinetics During a Back Squat and Deadlift. J Strength Cond Res, 35(5), 1364-1371. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002908. PMID: 30335723.
- Ciccolo, J. T., & Kraemer, W. J. (2013). Resistance Training for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. In Resistance Training for the Prevention and Treatment of Chronic Disease. New York. CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/b15527
- Collins, K.S., Klawitter, L.A., Waldera, R.W., Mahoney, S.J., & Christensen, B.K., (2021). Differences in Muscle Activity and Kinetics Between the Goblet Squat and Landmine Squat in Men and Women. J Strength Cond Res, 35(10), 2661-2668. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000004094. PMID: 34341315.
- Comfort, P., Jones, P. A., Smith, L. C., & Herrington, L. (2015). Joint kinetics and kinematics during common lower limb rehabilitation exercises. Journal of Athletic Training, 50(10), 1011–1018. https://doi.org/10.4085/1062-6050-50.9.05.
- Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 2. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 1(3), 132-9. PMID: 21522225; PMCID: PMC2953359.
- Cook, G., Burton, L., & Hoogenboom, B. (2006). Pre-participation screening: the use of fundamental movements as an assessment of function-part 1. N Am J Sports Phys Ther, 1(2), 62-72. PMID: 21522216; PMCID: PMC2953313.
- Dali, S., Justine, M., Ahmad, H., & Othman, Z. (2013). Comparison of ground reaction force during different angle of squatting. Journal of Human Sport and Exercise, 8(3), 778–787. https://doi.org/10.4100/jhse.2013.83.02
- Ebben, W.P., Fauth, M.L., Kaufmann, C.E., & Petushek, E.J. (2010). Magnitude and rate of mechanical loading of a variety of exercise modes. J Strength Cond Res, 24(1):213-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181c27da3. PMID: 19924011.
- Eckstein, F., Hudelmaier, M., & Putz, R. (2006). The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. Journal of Anatomy, 208(4), 491–512. https://doi.org/10.1111/J.1469-7580.2006.00546.X
- Erdfelder, E., Faul, F., Buchner, A., & Lang, A. G. (2009). Statistical power analyses using G*Power 3.1: Tests for correlation and regression analyses. Behavior Research Methods, 41(4), 1149–1160. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.41.4.1149
- Escamilla, R.F. (2001). Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 33(1):127-41. doi: 10.1097/00005768-200101000-00020. PMID: 11194098.
- Gonzalo-Skok, O., Tous-Fajardo, J., Valero-Campo, C., Berzosa, C., Bataller, A. V., Arjol-Serrano, J. L., Moras, G., & Mendez-Villanueva, A. (2017). Eccentric-Overload Training in Team-Sport Functional Performance: Constant Bilateral Vertical Versus Variable Unilateral Multidirectional Movements. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 12(7), 951–958. https://doi.org/10.1123/IJSPP.2016-0251
- Gulmez, I. (2017). Effects of Angle Variations in Suspension Push-up Exercise. J Strength Cond Res, 31(4), 1017-1023. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001401. PMID: 26950344.
- Han, S., Ge, S., Liu, H., & Liu, R. (2013). Alterations in three-dimensional knee kinematics and kinetics during neutral, squeeze and outward squat. Journal of Human Kinetics, 39(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2013-0068
- Herberhold, C., Faber, S., Stammberger, T., Steinlechner, M., Putz, R., Englmeier, K.H., Reiser, M., & Eckstein, F. (1999). In situ measurement of articular cartilage deformation in intact femoropatellar joints under static loading. J Biomech, 32(12):1287-95. doi: 10.1016/s0021-9290(99)00130-x. PMID: 10569707.
- Kedziorek, J., ve Blazkiewich, M. (2022). Influence of the base of support widths on postural control and feet loading symmetry during squat – preliminary study. Acta of Bioengineering and Biomechanics, 24(2), 55-63. doi: 10.37190/ABB-02033-2022-02.
- Koyama, K., Kato, T., & Yamauchi, J. (2014). The effect of ankle taping on the ground reaction force in vertical jump performance. J Strength Cond Res, 28(5):1411-7. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000260. PMID: 24126899.
- Konrardy, C. (2017). Comparison of forward lean during Bulgarian split squat at high and low box heights. University of Northern Iowa. Dissertations and Theses UNI. https://scholarworks.uni.edu/etd/460.
- Lockie, R., Orjalo, A., Moreno, M., & Lockie, R. G. (2018). A pilot analysis: Can the Bulgarian split squat potantiate sprint acceleration in strength trained men? Facta Universitatis, Series: Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 453–466. https://doi.org/10.22190/FUPES1703453L.
- Mausehund, L, Skard, A.E., & Krosshaug, T. (2019). Muscle Activation in Unilateral Barbell Exercises: Implications for Strength Training and Rehabilitation. J Strength Cond Res, 33(l), 85-S94. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000002617. PMID: 29870422.
- McCrory, J. L., White, S. C., & Lifeso, R. M. (2001). Vertical ground reaction forces: Objective measures of gait following hip arthroplasty. Gait and Posture, 14(2), 104–109. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00140-0
- McCurdy, K., & Conner, C. (2003). Unilateral support resistance training incorporating the hip and knee. Strength & Conditioning Journal, 25(2), 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1519/00126548-200304000-00007.
- McCurdy, K., Langford, G. A., Cline, A. L., Doscher, M., & Hoff, R. (2004). The reliability of 1- and 3RM tests of unilateral strength in trained and untrained men and women. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(3), 190–196. PMID: 24482597; PMCID: PMC3905302.
- Melrose, D., & Dawes, J. (2015). Resistance characteristics of the TRX suspension training system at different angles and distances from the hanging point. Research Article Melrose and Dawes. J Athl Enhancement, 4(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.4245.1047.
- Santana, J. C. (2001). Sports-specific conditioning: Single-Leg Training for 2-Legged Sports: Efficacy of Strength Development in Athletic Performance. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 23(3), 35-37. https://doi.org/10.1519/1533-4295(2001)023.
- Sato, K., & Liebenson, C. (2013). The lateral squat. Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies, 2013(17), 560-62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbmt.2013.09.005.
- Schellenberg, F., Taylor, W. R., & Lorenzetti, S. (2017). Towards evidence based strength training: A comparison of muscle forces during deadlifts, goodmornings and split squats. BMC Sports Science, Medicine and Rehabilitation, 9(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13102-017-0077-x.
- Secomb, J. L., Tran, T. T., Lundgren, L., Farley, O. R. L., & Sheppard, J. M. (2014). Single-leg squat progressions. Strength and Conditioning Journal, 36(5), 68–71. https://doi.org/10.1519/SSC.
- Soligard, T., Myklebust, G., Steffen, K., Holme, I., Silvers, H., Bizzini, M., Junge, A., Dvorak, J., Bahr, R., & Andersen, T. E. (2009). Comprehensive warm-up programme to prevent injuries in young female footballers: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ (Online), 338(7686), 95–99. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2469.
- Speirs, D.E., Bennett, M.A., Finn, C.V., & Turner, A.P., (2016). Unilateral vs. Bilateral Squat Training for Strength, Sprints, and Agility in Academy Rugby Players. J Strength Cond Res, 30(2), 386-92. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001096. PMID: 26200193.
- Van Rossom, S., Smith, C. R., Thelen, D. G., Vanwanseele, B., Van Assche, D., & Jonkers, I. (2018). Knee joint loading in healthy adults during functional exercises: Implications for rehabilitation guidelines. Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 48(3), 162–173. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2018.7459.
- Winter, D. A. (2009). Biomechanics and motor Control of human movement (Fourth Edition). In Biomechanics and Motor Control of Human Movement: Canada: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1002/9780470549148.
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Fiziksel Aktivite ve Sağlık, Spor Biliminde Biyomekanik |
| Bölüm | 2023 Aralık |
| Yazarlar | |
| Erken Görünüm Tarihi | 25 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 25 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2 |
