WILL JAPAN BECOME A CHRISTIAN COUNTRY? REFLECTION OF THE RUSSIAN-JAPANESE WAR PROCESS IN THE JAPAN EVANGELIST, KIRISUTOKYŌ SEKAI (基督教世界), SHINJIN（新人）, RIKUGŌ ZASSHI（六合雑誌）MAGAZINES (1902-1909)
Öz
Christianity, which was banned in Japan for more than 250 years starting from 1639, spread again in the country in 1859 with the activities of Western Protestant missionaries. Missionaries, who were met with reactions and obstacles in the first years, expanded their activities in the country with the guarantee of freedom of belief in the Meiji Constitution in 1889. They appreciated Japan's rapid adaptation to Western civilization, starting with the Meiji Period, and discussed the possibility of Japan turning into a Christian nation. Especially during the Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902) and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905), it was seen that the expectation that Japan would fully accept Christianity was formed in the magazines published by Western missionaries. The reason of this; Making an alliance with a Protestant and overseas trading country like England was an indication that Japan was considered to be on an equal footing with Western countries. For this reason, Japan had to embrace Christianity in accordance with the status given to it. After the Russo-Japanese War, expectations arose that Asia would be Christianized by Japan. However, the increasing nationalism in the country after the victory against Russia shaped the country's policies around national interests. Will Japan become a Christian country? the question has been raised In the magazines published by missionaries, the relationship between nationalism and Christianity during the Russo-Japanese War was evaluated and the path and shape that Christianity would take in the country was discussed. Christian Japanese, on the other hand, established a connection between Christianity and Japan and reflected nationalist views in their magazines. In this article, the magazines The Japan Evangelist, Kirisutokyō Sekai (基督教世界), Shinjin（新人）, Rikugō Zasshi（六合雑誌）, published between 1902 and 1909, were examined and the outlines of the views and debates regarding Japan's orientation towards Christianity are revealed.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Japanese Literature Christianity Nationalism Russo-Japanese War Missionary
Kaynakça
- “Christianity and Patriotism” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XV, No.2, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Christians in Japanese Politics” “The Japan Evangelist” Vol. XI, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- “Christians in the New House of Representatives” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XV, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1908).
- “The Conversion of Japan to Christianity”, The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIV, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1907).
- “Count Okuma on Mission Work in Korea”, The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVII, No. 10, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1910) 392-393.
- J. H. DeForest, “Modern Civilization and Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- “Development of Religion in Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIV, No.8 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1907).
- “Disenthralled Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- “Japan Today and Tomorrow” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.5 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- “Japan Welcoming Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.8 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Japan’s Future Influence in the Far East” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.7 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Japan’s Religious Future” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.11 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- “Kokuminteki Risō” Shinjin, Nigatsu, 1902.
- “Kumiai Kyōkai no Dokuritsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 31.10.1907.
- “Nichibei Dōmei no Eikyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 28.02.1902.
- “Nihon Shingaku Shisō no Dokuritsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 26.07.1906.
- “Nihon to Kirisutokyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 16.03.1905.
- “Nihonteki Shingaku no Kensetsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 08.06.1905.
- “Sekaiteki Seishin no Kosui” Shinjin, Gogatsu,1909
- “Shōrai Nihon no Shūkyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 16.05.1907.
- “Teikoku no Shimei” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 18.02.1904.
- “The Prime Minister and Religious Liberty” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.5, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- “The Prime Minister and Religious Liberty” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904)
- “Tōyō ni Taisuru Nihon Kirisutokyōto no Sekinin” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 24.05.1906.
- Aizan Yamaji, “Kokutai to Kirisutokyō”, Rikugō Zasshi, Jyūgatsu, 1907.
- Christians in Japanese Politics” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- David S. Spencer “Why Evangelize Japan Now?” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- Ernest W. Clement, “The Anglo-Japanese Alliance” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. X, No.1, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1903)
- George Heber Jones, “Similarty and contrast China, Japan, Korea” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.3, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- Haraguchi Takejirō, “Shisō-jyō no Shinundō to Nihon no Kokkashugi”, Shinjin, Kugatsu, 1909.
- J. H. DeForest, “Modern Civilization and Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- J.G. Dunlop, “Hindrances which the Social Conditions in Japan Present to the Acceptance of the Gospel” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.12, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1909).
- J.H. De Forest, “War and Religion” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.5, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- J.P. Moore, “The Work in Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. II, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1895).
- Jinzō Naruse, “Wagakuni no Bunmei to Kirisutokyō” Shinjin, Jyūgatsu, 1909.
- K. Uckichi, “Kokuminsei no Hakki” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 02. 05. 1907.
- R. E. Mcalpine, “The Hindrances which Religious Thought in Japan Present to the Acceptance of the Gospel” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.11, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1909).
- Sakunoshin Motoda, “Future Prospect of Japanese Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, Nisan 1909).
- Watanebe Tsunekichi, “Dokuritsu no Kansei ha Kyūmuchū no Kyūmu Nari” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 07.11.1907. William Eliott Griffis, “Will Japan Become a Christian Nation?” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.1, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “An Interview with Count Katsura”, Japan Weekly Mail, May 28, (Yokohama: Kaikō Shiryōkan, 1904).
- “Some Leading Christian Statesmen in Japan” American Board Commissioners for Foreign Mission, Japan Mission Papers, UNIT 3, Reel 326.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1871.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1872.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission 1899.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1889.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1895.
- D.C. Greene, “General Historic Review of Missionary Work in Japan Since 1883” Proceedings of the General Conference of Protestant Missionaries in Japan, held in Tokyo October 24-31 1900, (Tokyo: Methodist Publishing House, 1901).
- Missionary Herald, Vol. 107, No.1 (ABCFM, 1911).
- Missionary Herald, Vol. 96, No.6, (ABCFM, 1900).
- Missionry Herald, Vol. 70, No. 4, (ABCFM, 1874).
- Cary 1909 Otis Cary, A History of Christianity in Japan, Protestant Missions, Fleming H. Revell Company, London and Edinburg,
- Cook 1886 Joseph Cook, Orient, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
- Barlak 2020 Hasan Barlak, “Abdürreşid İbrahim’in Japonya’da Hristiyanlık Misyonerliği Karşısındaki Tutumu” Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, s.188-197.
- Deveci 2021 Hülya Deveci “1883 Osaka Protestan Misyonerleri Konferansı: Japonya’da Hristiyanlığın Yayılmasının Önündeki Engeller Konusu”, Kare (12), s.104-134
- Deveci 2022 Hülya Deveci, “Hristiyan Japonların Devlet Milliyetçiliği: Kirisutokyō Sekai, Rikugō Zasshi ve Shinjin Dergileri Örneğinde (1900-1912)” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
- Dündar 2020 A. Merthan Dündar (ed.), Japonya Seyyahı Abdürreşid İbrahim’in İzinde, Doğu Kütüphanesi. Dōshisha Daigaku Jinbunkagaku Kenkyushō, 1984 Rikugō Zasshi no Kenkyū, Kyōbunkan, Tokyo.
- Hamish Ion 1945 A. Hamish Ion “The Cross Under an Imperial Sun, Imperialism, Nationalism and Japanese Christianity, 1895-1945” Handbook of Christianity in Japan ed. Mark R. Mullins ( Brill, 2003)
- Homes 2014 James Mitchell Homes “Vercek of Japan: Guido F. Verbeck as Pioneer Missionary, Oyatoi Gaikokujin and Foreign Hero”, Phd. Thesis, University of Pittsburg.
- June 1961 Mayo Marlene June, “The Iwakura Embassy and The Unequal Treaties, 1871-1873” Columbia University, PHD. Thesis,
- Monbushō 1931 (Ministry of Education), Kaneifutsudoku kyōiku chokugo shakusan漢英仏独教育勅語訳纂 (Chinese, English, French, German, Imperial Rescript on Education Collected Translations), (Tokyo: The Herald Press 1931)
- Nakazono 2018 Nakazono Shigeo, Kakure Kirishitan no Kigen-Shinkō to Shinsha no Jissō, Gen Shobō.
- Ritter 1898 Ritter H., A History of Protestant Missions in Japan, Methodist Publishing House, Tokyo.
- Scheiner 1970 Irwin Scheiner, Christian Converts and Social Protest in Meiji Japan, University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Sekioka 2001 Sekioka Kazushige, “Ebina Danjyōto Nihonteki Kirisutokyō” Kōbe Gaidai Dairongi (52) 1-23.
- Sugawara 2018 Takeshi Sugawara, “Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1903)” The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Sumi 1970 Sumi Seiichi, “Uchimura Kanzō Fukei Jiken: Sono Shisōshiteki Kōsatsu” Hōgaku Kenkyū: Hōritsu, Seiji, Shakai, 43 (10), 291-315.
- Şahin 2003 Şayan Ulusan Şahin, “Bazı Arşiv Belgelerinde ve Ahenk Gazetesi’nde Çin-Japon Savaşı (1894-1895)” Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 79-91
- Şahin 2001 Şayan Ulusan Şahin, Türk-Japon İlişkileri (1876-1908), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı.
- Squires 2001 Graham Squires, “Yamaji Aizan’s Traces of the Development of Human Rights in Japanese History”, Monumenta Nipponica, 56, s.139-171.
- Tanaka 1999 Masato Tanaka, “Shinjin no Igi to Seikaku” Shinjin, Shinjyokai no Kenkyū, Dōshisha Daigaku Jinbunkagaku Kenkyushō, Jinbun Shoin, Kyoto.
- Takashi 2002 Gonoi Takashi, Nihon Kirishitanshi no Kenkyū, Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
- Yasuhiro 1996 Motoi Yasuhiro “Shoki Kirisutokyōkei Jaanarizumu ni Okeru Kōshitsu Hōdō” Kindai Tennōsei no Keisei to Kirisutokyō, ed. Tomisaka Kirisutokyō Senta, Shinkyō Shuppan, Tokyo.
- Yukichi 1875 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Bunmeiron no Gairyaku https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/993899/1/5 (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2023)
- https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/440/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023)
- https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/52/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023)
“JAPONYA HRİSTİYAN BİR ÜLKE OLACAK MI?” TARTIŞMALARI: RUS-JAPON SAVAŞI SÜRECİNİN THE JAPAN EVANGELIST, KIRISUTOKYŌ SEKAI (基督教世界), SHINJIN（新人）, RIKUGŌ ZASSHI（六合雑誌）DERGİLERİNE YANSIMASI (1902-1909)
Öz
Japonya’da 1639’dan itibaren 250 yılı aşkın bir süre yasaklı olan Hristiyanlık, 1859’da başlayan Batılı Protestan misyonerlerinin faaliyetleriyle ülkede yeniden yayılmıştır. İlk yıllarda tepkilerle ve engellerle karşılanan misyonerler, 1889’da Meiji Anayasası’nda inanç özgürlüğünün garanti altına alınmasıyla ülkede faaliyetlerini genişletmişlerdir. Onlar Meiji Dönemi’yle başlayan Japonya’nın Batı medeniyetine hızlı uyumunu takdirle karşılaşmış ve Japonların Hristiyan bir ulusa dönüşmesinin imkânı üzerine tartışmışlardır. Özellikle İngiliz-Japon İttifakı (1902) ve Rus Japon Savaşı (1904-1905) sürecinde Batılı misyonerlerin yayımladığı dergilerde Japonya’nın bütünüyle Hristiyanlığı kabul edeceğine dair beklentinin oluştuğu görülmüştür. Bunun sebebi; İngiltere gibi Protestan ve deniz aşırı ticaret yapan bir ülke ile ittifak yapması, Japonya’nın Batılı ülkelerle eş değer değer seviyede kabul edildiğinin bir göstergesiydi. Bu nedenle Japonya’nın kendisine verilen statü gereği Hristiyanlığı benimsemeliydi. Rus-Japon Savaşı’ndan sonra ise Japonya eliyle, Asya’nın Hristiyanlaştırılacağına dair beklenti ortaya çıkmıştır. Ancak Rusya karşısındaki galibiyetiyle ülkede artan milliyetçilik, ülke politikalarını ulusal çıkarlar etrafında şekillendirmişti. Böyle bir ortamda Japonya Hristiyan bir ülke olacak mı? sorusu gündeme gelmiştir. Misyonerler tarafından yayımlanan dergilerde Rus-Japon Savaşı sürecinde milliyetçilik ile Hristiyanlık ilişkisi değerlendirilmiş, ülkede Hristiyanlığın nasıl bir yol ve şekil alacağı tartışılmıştır. Hristiyan Japonlar ise Hristiyanlık ile Japonya arasında bağ kurarak milliyetçi görüşlerini dergilerine yansıtmışlardır. Bu makalede 1902-1909 yılları arasında yayımlanan The Japan Evangelist, Kirisutokyō Sekai (基督教世界-Hristiyanlık Dünyası), Shinjin（新人-Yeni İnsan）, Rikugō Zasshi（六合雑誌-Kozmos）dergileri incelenmiş ve Japonya’nın Hristiyanlığa yönelimiyle ilgili görüşlerin ve tartışmaların ana hatları ortaya konmuştur.
Anahtar Kelimeler
Japon Edebiyatı Hristiyanlık Milliyetçilik Rus-Japon Savaşı Misyoner
Kaynakça
- “Christianity and Patriotism” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XV, No.2, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Christians in Japanese Politics” “The Japan Evangelist” Vol. XI, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- “Christians in the New House of Representatives” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XV, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1908).
- “The Conversion of Japan to Christianity”, The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIV, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1907).
- “Count Okuma on Mission Work in Korea”, The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVII, No. 10, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1910) 392-393.
- J. H. DeForest, “Modern Civilization and Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- “Development of Religion in Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIV, No.8 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1907).
- “Disenthralled Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- “Japan Today and Tomorrow” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.5 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- “Japan Welcoming Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.8 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Japan’s Future Influence in the Far East” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.7 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “Japan’s Religious Future” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.11 (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- “Kokuminteki Risō” Shinjin, Nigatsu, 1902.
- “Kumiai Kyōkai no Dokuritsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 31.10.1907.
- “Nichibei Dōmei no Eikyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 28.02.1902.
- “Nihon Shingaku Shisō no Dokuritsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 26.07.1906.
- “Nihon to Kirisutokyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 16.03.1905.
- “Nihonteki Shingaku no Kensetsu” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 08.06.1905.
- “Sekaiteki Seishin no Kosui” Shinjin, Gogatsu,1909
- “Shōrai Nihon no Shūkyō” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 16.05.1907.
- “Teikoku no Shimei” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 18.02.1904.
- “The Prime Minister and Religious Liberty” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.5, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- “The Prime Minister and Religious Liberty” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904)
- “Tōyō ni Taisuru Nihon Kirisutokyōto no Sekinin” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 24.05.1906.
- Aizan Yamaji, “Kokutai to Kirisutokyō”, Rikugō Zasshi, Jyūgatsu, 1907.
- Christians in Japanese Politics” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.8, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- David S. Spencer “Why Evangelize Japan Now?” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- Ernest W. Clement, “The Anglo-Japanese Alliance” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. X, No.1, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1903)
- George Heber Jones, “Similarty and contrast China, Japan, Korea” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XI, No.3, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1904).
- Haraguchi Takejirō, “Shisō-jyō no Shinundō to Nihon no Kokkashugi”, Shinjin, Kugatsu, 1909.
- J. H. DeForest, “Modern Civilization and Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. VII, No.6, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1899).
- J.G. Dunlop, “Hindrances which the Social Conditions in Japan Present to the Acceptance of the Gospel” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.12, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1909).
- J.H. De Forest, “War and Religion” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XII, No.5, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1905).
- J.P. Moore, “The Work in Japan” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. II, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1895).
- Jinzō Naruse, “Wagakuni no Bunmei to Kirisutokyō” Shinjin, Jyūgatsu, 1909.
- K. Uckichi, “Kokuminsei no Hakki” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 02. 05. 1907.
- R. E. Mcalpine, “The Hindrances which Religious Thought in Japan Present to the Acceptance of the Gospel” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.11, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1909).
- Sakunoshin Motoda, “Future Prospect of Japanese Christianity” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XVI, No.4, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, Nisan 1909).
- Watanebe Tsunekichi, “Dokuritsu no Kansei ha Kyūmuchū no Kyūmu Nari” Kirisutokyō Sekai, 07.11.1907. William Eliott Griffis, “Will Japan Become a Christian Nation?” The Japan Evangelist, Vol. XIII, No.1, (Yokohama: Seishi Bunsha, 1906).
- “An Interview with Count Katsura”, Japan Weekly Mail, May 28, (Yokohama: Kaikō Shiryōkan, 1904).
- “Some Leading Christian Statesmen in Japan” American Board Commissioners for Foreign Mission, Japan Mission Papers, UNIT 3, Reel 326.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1871.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1872.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission 1899.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1889.
- Annual Report of ABCFM, Japan Mission, 1895.
- D.C. Greene, “General Historic Review of Missionary Work in Japan Since 1883” Proceedings of the General Conference of Protestant Missionaries in Japan, held in Tokyo October 24-31 1900, (Tokyo: Methodist Publishing House, 1901).
- Missionary Herald, Vol. 107, No.1 (ABCFM, 1911).
- Missionary Herald, Vol. 96, No.6, (ABCFM, 1900).
- Missionry Herald, Vol. 70, No. 4, (ABCFM, 1874).
- Cary 1909 Otis Cary, A History of Christianity in Japan, Protestant Missions, Fleming H. Revell Company, London and Edinburg,
- Cook 1886 Joseph Cook, Orient, Houghton Mifflin, Boston.
- Barlak 2020 Hasan Barlak, “Abdürreşid İbrahim’in Japonya’da Hristiyanlık Misyonerliği Karşısındaki Tutumu” Sosyal Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1, s.188-197.
- Deveci 2021 Hülya Deveci “1883 Osaka Protestan Misyonerleri Konferansı: Japonya’da Hristiyanlığın Yayılmasının Önündeki Engeller Konusu”, Kare (12), s.104-134
- Deveci 2022 Hülya Deveci, “Hristiyan Japonların Devlet Milliyetçiliği: Kirisutokyō Sekai, Rikugō Zasshi ve Shinjin Dergileri Örneğinde (1900-1912)” Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi.
- Dündar 2020 A. Merthan Dündar (ed.), Japonya Seyyahı Abdürreşid İbrahim’in İzinde, Doğu Kütüphanesi. Dōshisha Daigaku Jinbunkagaku Kenkyushō, 1984 Rikugō Zasshi no Kenkyū, Kyōbunkan, Tokyo.
- Hamish Ion 1945 A. Hamish Ion “The Cross Under an Imperial Sun, Imperialism, Nationalism and Japanese Christianity, 1895-1945” Handbook of Christianity in Japan ed. Mark R. Mullins ( Brill, 2003)
- Homes 2014 James Mitchell Homes “Vercek of Japan: Guido F. Verbeck as Pioneer Missionary, Oyatoi Gaikokujin and Foreign Hero”, Phd. Thesis, University of Pittsburg.
- June 1961 Mayo Marlene June, “The Iwakura Embassy and The Unequal Treaties, 1871-1873” Columbia University, PHD. Thesis,
- Monbushō 1931 (Ministry of Education), Kaneifutsudoku kyōiku chokugo shakusan漢英仏独教育勅語訳纂 (Chinese, English, French, German, Imperial Rescript on Education Collected Translations), (Tokyo: The Herald Press 1931)
- Nakazono 2018 Nakazono Shigeo, Kakure Kirishitan no Kigen-Shinkō to Shinsha no Jissō, Gen Shobō.
- Ritter 1898 Ritter H., A History of Protestant Missions in Japan, Methodist Publishing House, Tokyo.
- Scheiner 1970 Irwin Scheiner, Christian Converts and Social Protest in Meiji Japan, University of California Press, Berkeley.
- Sekioka 2001 Sekioka Kazushige, “Ebina Danjyōto Nihonteki Kirisutokyō” Kōbe Gaidai Dairongi (52) 1-23.
- Sugawara 2018 Takeshi Sugawara, “Anglo-Japanese Alliance (1902-1903)” The Encyclopedia of Diplomacy, John Wiley & Sons, New York.
- Sumi 1970 Sumi Seiichi, “Uchimura Kanzō Fukei Jiken: Sono Shisōshiteki Kōsatsu” Hōgaku Kenkyū: Hōritsu, Seiji, Shakai, 43 (10), 291-315.
- Şahin 2003 Şayan Ulusan Şahin, “Bazı Arşiv Belgelerinde ve Ahenk Gazetesi’nde Çin-Japon Savaşı (1894-1895)” Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2, 79-91
- Şahin 2001 Şayan Ulusan Şahin, Türk-Japon İlişkileri (1876-1908), T.C. Kültür Bakanlığı.
- Squires 2001 Graham Squires, “Yamaji Aizan’s Traces of the Development of Human Rights in Japanese History”, Monumenta Nipponica, 56, s.139-171.
- Tanaka 1999 Masato Tanaka, “Shinjin no Igi to Seikaku” Shinjin, Shinjyokai no Kenkyū, Dōshisha Daigaku Jinbunkagaku Kenkyushō, Jinbun Shoin, Kyoto.
- Takashi 2002 Gonoi Takashi, Nihon Kirishitanshi no Kenkyū, Yoshikawa Kobunkan.
- Yasuhiro 1996 Motoi Yasuhiro “Shoki Kirisutokyōkei Jaanarizumu ni Okeru Kōshitsu Hōdō” Kindai Tennōsei no Keisei to Kirisutokyō, ed. Tomisaka Kirisutokyō Senta, Shinkyō Shuppan, Tokyo.
- Yukichi 1875 Fukuzawa Yukichi, Bunmeiron no Gairyaku https://dl.ndl.go.jp/pid/993899/1/5 (Erişim tarihi: 18.07.2023)
- https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/440/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023)
- https://www.ndl.go.jp/portrait/e/datas/52/ (Erişim tarihi: 07.08.2023)
Ayrıntılar
| Birincil Dil | Türkçe |
|---|---|
| Konular | Çağdaş Asya Tarihi |
| Bölüm | MAKALELER |
| Yazarlar | |
| Yayımlanma Tarihi | 28 Aralık 2023 |
| Yayımlandığı Sayı | Yıl 2023 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 2 |