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Gebelikte Yaşanan Görsel ve Bedensel Değişikliklerin Postpartum Dönemdeki Bedeni Beğenme ve Psikolojik Yakınmalarla İlişkisi

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 307 - 316, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.969458

Öz

Giriş: Tarih boyunca süregelen kadınların kozmetik endişeleri gebelikle birlikte artış gösterebilmektedir. Bu süreçte ortaya çıkan görsel/fiziksel değişikliklerin bedensel memnuniyeti etkilediği ve postpartum dönemde bir takım psikolojik olumsuz durumlara neden olabileceği bildirilmektedir. Amaç: Gebelik döneminde yaşanan görsel/bedensel değişimlerin postpartum psikolojik durumlarla ilişkisini belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Tanımlayıcı ve ilişki arayıcı olarak planlanan araştırmanın evrenini, 18 yaş ve üzerinde olan, postpartum 42 günü aşmamış kadınlar oluşturmuştur. 20 Ekim 2020-20 Ocak 2021 tarihleri arasında araştırmaya dâhil edilme kriterlerini karşılayan tüm lohusalar sosyal medya üzerinden online olarak davet edilmiştir (n=207). Veriler lohusa bilgi formu, Bedeni Beğenme Ölçeği, Depresyon, Anksiyete, Stres Skalası kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde tanımlayıcı istatistikler, bağımsız örneklem t testi, one way ANOVA testleri kullanılmış olup değişkenler arasındaki ilişki Pearson korelasyon analiziyle test edilmiştir. Bulgular: Lohusaların yaş ortalamasının 29.502 (±4.394), %59.4’ünün fazla kilolu ve %70.0’ının planlı gebelik yaşadığı tespit edilmiştir. Gebelik süresince 14.758 (±5.063) kilo alan lohusaların postpartum süreleri ortalama 21.570 (±11.710) gün olarak saptanmıştır. Çoğunluğu gebelik sürecinde çok kilo aldığını, iştahının arttığını, postür bozukluğu yaşadığını ve memelerinin aşırı büyüyerek hassaslaştığını ifade etmiştir. Lohusaların vücutlarından postpartum süreçte memnun olduğu ve psikolojileriyle arasında negatif yönlü zayıf bir ilişki bulunduğu görülmüştür (r = -.202, p = .003). Sonuç: Araştırmaya katılan lohusaların depresif belirti göstermediği fakat orta düzeyde anksiyete, hafif düzeyde stres yaşadıkları bulunmuştur. Bu bakımdan gebeliğin ilerleyen periyotlarından itibaren görsel/bedensel şikâyetleri olduğu fark edilen riskli grupların önceden tespit edilmesi ve postpartum süreçteki emosyonel sorunları önleme/tedavi etme programlarının geliştirilmesi önem taşımaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Fiskin G, Mecdi Kaydirak M, Yesiltepe Oskay U. Psychosocial adaptation and depressive manifestations in high-risk pregnant women: implications for clinical practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2017;14(1):55-64.
  • 2. Coşar Çetin F, Demirci N, Yeşilçiçek Çalık K, Çil Akıncı A. Gebelikte olağan fiziksel yakınmalar. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 2017;48(4):135-141.
  • 3. Yanıkkerem E, Altıparmak S, Karadeniz G. Gebelikte yaşanan fiziksel sağlık sorunlarının incelenmesi. Aile ve Toplum 2006;8(3):35-42.
  • 4. Kartal B, Kızılırmak A, Zedelenmez A, Erdem E. Investigation of body perception in pregnant women according to physical changes in pregnancy. J Contemp Med 2018;8(4):356-360.
  • 5. O’Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2013;9:379– 407.
  • 6. Bolton JL, Wiley MG, Ryan B, Truong S, Strait M, Baker DC et al. Perinatal western‐type diet and associated gestational weight gain alter postpartum maternal mood. Brain and Behavior 2017;7(10):e00828.
  • 7. Silveira ML, Ertel KA, Dole N, Chasan-Taber L. The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: a critical review of the literature. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2015;18(3):409-421.
  • 8. Hodkinson EL, Smith DM, Wittkowski A. Women’s experiences of their pregnancy and postpartum body image: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14:330-341.
  • 9. Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow NL. The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015;12(1):53-67.
  • 10. Anlı G, Akın A, Eker H, Özçelik B. Bedeni beğenme ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 2015;36:505-511.
  • 11. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scale. Sydney: The Psychological Foundation of Australia, Inc 1995. https://www.worldcat.org/title/manual-for-the-depression-anxiety-stress-scales/oclc/222009504 10 Eylül 2020
  • 12. Akın A, Çetin B. Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS): the study of validity and reliability. Educational Science: Theory & Practice 2007;7(1):241-268.
  • 13. Przybyła-Basista H, Kwieci´nska E, Ilska M. Body acceptance by pregnant women and their attitudes toward pregnancy and maternity as predictors of prenatal depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020;17:9436.
  • 14. Han SY, Brewis AA, Wutich A. Body image mediates the depressive effects of weight gain in new mothers, particularly for women already obese: evidence from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1-10.
  • 15. Tavakoli M, Hasanpoor-Azghady SB, Farahani LA. Predictors of mothers’ postpartum body dissatisfaction based on demographic and fertility factors. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2021;21(1):1-8.
  • 16. Roomruangwong C, Kanchanatawan B, Sirivichayakul S, Maes M. High incidence of body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy and the postnatal period: Associations with depression, anxiety, body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 2017;13:103-109.
  • 17. Kaur A, Sagar N, Mamta. Assess the attitude of women regarding body image during pregnancy and post partum period. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2018;8(3):193-198.
  • 18. Hartley E, Hill B, McPhie S, Skouteris H. The associations between depressive and anxiety symptoms, body image, and weight in the first year postpartum: A rapid systematic review. Journal of Reproductive And Infant Psychology 2018;36(1):81-101.
  • 19. Dachew BA, Ayano G, Betts K, Alati R. The impact of pre-pregnancy BMI on maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorder 2020;281:321-330.
  • 20. Ertel KA, Huang T, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Rich-Edwards J, Oken E et al. Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Annals of Epidemiology 2017;27(11):695-700.
  • 21. Molyneaux E, Poston L, Ashurst-Williams S, Howard LM. Obesity and mental disorders during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(4):857-867.
  • 22. Kouhkan S, Rahimi A, Ghasemi M, Naimi SS, Baghban AA. Postural changes during first pregnancy. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 2015;744-753.
  • 23. Uçar T, Güney E, Cesur B, Yurtsal ZB. The scale for body image concerns during pregnancy: development and validation. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2018;54(3):416-421.
  • 24. Brackenbury J. Body dissatisfaction during pregnancy: key considerations for aesthetic practice. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 2016;5(8):338-391.
  • 25. Ardahan M, Bayik AB. Body image perception and the effectiveness of a body image education in pregnant housewives. J Nurs Care 2014;3(3):2167-2168.
  • 26. Erdoğan A, Hocaoğlu Ç. Doğum sonrası depresyonun tanı ve tedavisi: bir gözden geçirme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi 2020;11(39):31-37.
  • 27. Dayan F, Javadifar N, Tadayon M, Malehi AS, Komeili Sani H. The relationship between gestational weight gain and postpartum depression in Normal and overweight pregnant women. Journal of Pregnancy 2018;9315320.
  • 28. Clark A, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum: A prospective study. J Health Psychol 2009;14:27-35.
  • 29. Cattane N, Räikkönen K, Anniverno R, Mencacci C, Riva MA, Pariante CM et al. Depression, obesity and their comorbidity during pregnancy: effects on the offspring’s mental and physical health. Molecular Psychiatry 2021;26(2):462-481.
  • 30. O’Loghlen E, Galligan R. Disordered eating in the postpartum period: role of psychological distress, body dissatisfaction, dysfunctional maternal beliefs and self-compassion. Journal of Health Psychology 2021;1359105321995940.
  • 31. Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Carvalho PHBD, Ferreira MEC. Body dissatisfaction among pregnant women: an integrative review of the literature. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva 2015; 20: 2091-2103.
  • 32. Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A. The neuroendocrinological aspects of pregnancy and postpartum depression. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) 2019;15(3):410-415.
  • 33. Morley-Hewitt AG, Owen AL. A systematic review examining the association between female body image and the intention, initiation and duration of post-partum infant feeding methods (breastfeeding vs bottle-feeding). Journal of Health Psychology 2020;25(2):207-226.
  • 34. Krol KM, Grossmann T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt- Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz 2018;61(8):977-985.
  • 35. Pope CJ, Mazmanian D. Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: an overview and methodological recommendations for future research. Depress Res Treat 2016;4765310:1-9.
  • 36. Farahnik B, Park K, Kroumpouzos G, Murase J. Striae gravidarum: risk factors, prevention, and management. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 2017;3(2):77-85.
  • 37. Korgavkar K, Wang F. Stretch marks during pregnancy: a review of topical prevention. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;172:606-615.
  • 38. Sweeney AC, Fingerhut R. Examining relationships between body dissatisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and postpartum depression symptoms. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2013;42(5):551-561.

The Relationship of Visual and Physical Changes During Pregnancy with Body Likes and Psychological Complaints in the Postpartum Period

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3, 307 - 316, 15.07.2022
https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.969458

Öz

Backround: Cosmetic ongoing concerns of women throughout history may increase with pregnancy. It has been reported that the visual/physical changes that occur in this process affect bodily satisfaction and may cause some psychological negative situations in the postpartum period. Objectives: It is aimed to determine the relationship between visual/physical changes experienced during pregnancy and postpartum psychological states. Methods: The universe of the study, which was planned as a descriptive and correlational, consisted of women aged 18 and over and not exceeding 42 days after birth. All puerperant women who met the criteria for inclusion in the study between 20 October 2020 and 20 January 2021 were invited online via social media (n=207). Data were collected using the puerperal information form, The body Appreciation Scale, Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Descriptive statistics, independent sample t-test, and one-way ANOVA tests were used in the analysis of the data, and the relationship between the variables was tested with Pearson correlation analysis. Results: It was determined that the mean age of postpartum women was 29.502 (± 4.394), 59.4% were overweight and 70.0% had planned pregnancies. Postpartum period of puerperant women who gained 14.758 (± 5.063) weight during pregnancy was found to be 21.570 (± 11.710) on average. Most of the puerperant women stated that they gained a lot of weight during pregnancy, their appetite increased, they had a posture disorder and their breasts became sensitive by growing excessively. It has been observed that postpartum women are generally satisfied with their visual/physical changes and there was a weak negative correlation with their postpartum psychology (r = -.202, p = .003). Conclusion: It was found that postpartum women who participated in the study did not show depressive symptoms, but experienced moderate anxiety and mild stress. In this respect, it is important to identify risky groups who are noticed to have visual/physical complaints from the advancing periods of pregnancy and to develop programs to prevent/treat emotional problems in the postpartum period.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Fiskin G, Mecdi Kaydirak M, Yesiltepe Oskay U. Psychosocial adaptation and depressive manifestations in high-risk pregnant women: implications for clinical practice. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing 2017;14(1):55-64.
  • 2. Coşar Çetin F, Demirci N, Yeşilçiçek Çalık K, Çil Akıncı A. Gebelikte olağan fiziksel yakınmalar. Zeynep Kamil Tıp Bülteni 2017;48(4):135-141.
  • 3. Yanıkkerem E, Altıparmak S, Karadeniz G. Gebelikte yaşanan fiziksel sağlık sorunlarının incelenmesi. Aile ve Toplum 2006;8(3):35-42.
  • 4. Kartal B, Kızılırmak A, Zedelenmez A, Erdem E. Investigation of body perception in pregnant women according to physical changes in pregnancy. J Contemp Med 2018;8(4):356-360.
  • 5. O’Hara MW, McCabe JE. Postpartum depression: current status and future directions. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2013;9:379– 407.
  • 6. Bolton JL, Wiley MG, Ryan B, Truong S, Strait M, Baker DC et al. Perinatal western‐type diet and associated gestational weight gain alter postpartum maternal mood. Brain and Behavior 2017;7(10):e00828.
  • 7. Silveira ML, Ertel KA, Dole N, Chasan-Taber L. The role of body image in prenatal and postpartum depression: a critical review of the literature. Archives of Women's Mental Health 2015;18(3):409-421.
  • 8. Hodkinson EL, Smith DM, Wittkowski A. Women’s experiences of their pregnancy and postpartum body image: a systematic review and meta-synthesis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2014;14:330-341.
  • 9. Tylka TL, Wood-Barcalow NL. The body appreciation scale-2: Item refinement and psychometric evaluation. Body Image 2015;12(1):53-67.
  • 10. Anlı G, Akın A, Eker H, Özçelik B. Bedeni beğenme ölçeği: geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies 2015;36:505-511.
  • 11. Lovibond SH, Lovibond PF. Manual for the depression anxiety stress scale. Sydney: The Psychological Foundation of Australia, Inc 1995. https://www.worldcat.org/title/manual-for-the-depression-anxiety-stress-scales/oclc/222009504 10 Eylül 2020
  • 12. Akın A, Çetin B. Depression, anxiety and stress scale (DASS): the study of validity and reliability. Educational Science: Theory & Practice 2007;7(1):241-268.
  • 13. Przybyła-Basista H, Kwieci´nska E, Ilska M. Body acceptance by pregnant women and their attitudes toward pregnancy and maternity as predictors of prenatal depression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020;17:9436.
  • 14. Han SY, Brewis AA, Wutich A. Body image mediates the depressive effects of weight gain in new mothers, particularly for women already obese: evidence from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 2016;16(1):1-10.
  • 15. Tavakoli M, Hasanpoor-Azghady SB, Farahani LA. Predictors of mothers’ postpartum body dissatisfaction based on demographic and fertility factors. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth 2021;21(1):1-8.
  • 16. Roomruangwong C, Kanchanatawan B, Sirivichayakul S, Maes M. High incidence of body image dissatisfaction in pregnancy and the postnatal period: Associations with depression, anxiety, body mass index and weight gain during pregnancy. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare 2017;13:103-109.
  • 17. Kaur A, Sagar N, Mamta. Assess the attitude of women regarding body image during pregnancy and post partum period. International Journal of Health Sciences and Research 2018;8(3):193-198.
  • 18. Hartley E, Hill B, McPhie S, Skouteris H. The associations between depressive and anxiety symptoms, body image, and weight in the first year postpartum: A rapid systematic review. Journal of Reproductive And Infant Psychology 2018;36(1):81-101.
  • 19. Dachew BA, Ayano G, Betts K, Alati R. The impact of pre-pregnancy BMI on maternal depressive and anxiety symptoms during pregnancy and the postpartum period: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorder 2020;281:321-330.
  • 20. Ertel KA, Huang T, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman K, Rich-Edwards J, Oken E et al. Perinatal weight and risk of prenatal and postpartum depressive symptoms. Annals of Epidemiology 2017;27(11):695-700.
  • 21. Molyneaux E, Poston L, Ashurst-Williams S, Howard LM. Obesity and mental disorders during pregnancy and postpartum: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obstetrics and Gynecology 2014;123(4):857-867.
  • 22. Kouhkan S, Rahimi A, Ghasemi M, Naimi SS, Baghban AA. Postural changes during first pregnancy. Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research 2015;744-753.
  • 23. Uçar T, Güney E, Cesur B, Yurtsal ZB. The scale for body image concerns during pregnancy: development and validation. Perspectives in Psychiatric Care 2018;54(3):416-421.
  • 24. Brackenbury J. Body dissatisfaction during pregnancy: key considerations for aesthetic practice. Journal of Aesthetic Nursing 2016;5(8):338-391.
  • 25. Ardahan M, Bayik AB. Body image perception and the effectiveness of a body image education in pregnant housewives. J Nurs Care 2014;3(3):2167-2168.
  • 26. Erdoğan A, Hocaoğlu Ç. Doğum sonrası depresyonun tanı ve tedavisi: bir gözden geçirme. Mustafa Kemal Üniversitesi Tıp Dergisi 2020;11(39):31-37.
  • 27. Dayan F, Javadifar N, Tadayon M, Malehi AS, Komeili Sani H. The relationship between gestational weight gain and postpartum depression in Normal and overweight pregnant women. Journal of Pregnancy 2018;9315320.
  • 28. Clark A, Skouteris H, Wertheim EH, Paxton SJ, Milgrom J. The relationship between depression and body dissatisfaction across pregnancy and the postpartum: A prospective study. J Health Psychol 2009;14:27-35.
  • 29. Cattane N, Räikkönen K, Anniverno R, Mencacci C, Riva MA, Pariante CM et al. Depression, obesity and their comorbidity during pregnancy: effects on the offspring’s mental and physical health. Molecular Psychiatry 2021;26(2):462-481.
  • 30. O’Loghlen E, Galligan R. Disordered eating in the postpartum period: role of psychological distress, body dissatisfaction, dysfunctional maternal beliefs and self-compassion. Journal of Health Psychology 2021;1359105321995940.
  • 31. Meireles JFF, Neves CM, Carvalho PHBD, Ferreira MEC. Body dissatisfaction among pregnant women: an integrative review of the literature. Ciencia & Saude Coletiva 2015; 20: 2091-2103.
  • 32. Trifu S, Vladuti A, Popescu A. The neuroendocrinological aspects of pregnancy and postpartum depression. Acta Endocrinologica (Bucharest) 2019;15(3):410-415.
  • 33. Morley-Hewitt AG, Owen AL. A systematic review examining the association between female body image and the intention, initiation and duration of post-partum infant feeding methods (breastfeeding vs bottle-feeding). Journal of Health Psychology 2020;25(2):207-226.
  • 34. Krol KM, Grossmann T. Psychological effects of breastfeeding on children and mothers. Bundesgesundheitsblatt- Gesundheitsforschung-Gesundheitsschutz 2018;61(8):977-985.
  • 35. Pope CJ, Mazmanian D. Breastfeeding and postpartum depression: an overview and methodological recommendations for future research. Depress Res Treat 2016;4765310:1-9.
  • 36. Farahnik B, Park K, Kroumpouzos G, Murase J. Striae gravidarum: risk factors, prevention, and management. International Journal of Women's Dermatology, 2017;3(2):77-85.
  • 37. Korgavkar K, Wang F. Stretch marks during pregnancy: a review of topical prevention. British Journal of Dermatology 2015;172:606-615.
  • 38. Sweeney AC, Fingerhut R. Examining relationships between body dissatisfaction, maladaptive perfectionism, and postpartum depression symptoms. Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing 2013;42(5):551-561.
Toplam 38 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Hemşirelik
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Gamze Fışkın 0000-0003-3065-6484

Cansu Işık 0000-0002-3789-9051

Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Temmuz 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 15 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Fışkın, G., & Işık, C. (2022). Gebelikte Yaşanan Görsel ve Bedensel Değişikliklerin Postpartum Dönemdeki Bedeni Beğenme ve Psikolojik Yakınmalarla İlişkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Hemşirelik Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi, 15(3), 307-316. https://doi.org/10.46483/deuhfed.969458

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