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The Perplexing Issue Of Monopoly (Iḥtikār) In Islamic Law And Its Negative Impact On Socıety: Evidence From Turkey's Perspective

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 805 - 830, 30.09.2023

Ahm Ershad Uddın

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1296630

Öz

This study investigates the Islamic concept of monopoly, termed "Iḥtikār," and its detrimental effects on economic stability and commodity prices. In the modern capitalist system, monopoly power has gained prominence and is exploited by governments and multinational corporations for various purposes. Such practices have disrupted lives and exacerbated inequalities, particularly affecting low-income individuals. This research uses Turkey as a case study to examine how dishonest monopoly tactics within chain markets have led to inflated prices and consumer harm. The research delves into the Islamic legal stance on monopoly and advocates for a nuanced understanding, considering various schools of thought. The study uses qualitative methodology to analyze primary and secondary data from Turkey's perspective. Findings reveal that monopoly practices have adversely impacted the Turkish economy, especially amid the COVID-19 pandemic, causing increased commodity prices and reduced stability. Limitations include the case-specific focus, potentially affecting generalizability. The study's significance lies in exploring the Islamic law viewpoint on monopoly's influence on financial stability and commodity prices, offering insights into contemporary regulatory strategies. Addressing monopolistic practices through effective regulation is vital to bolster economic stability and reduce disparities. This study's uniqueness lies in its Islamic examination of monopoly and its implications, contributing to the literature and suggesting avenues for contemporary regulation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Islamic Law Finance Monopoly Iḥtikār Turkey

Kaynakça

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İslam Hukukunda Tekel (İḥtikâr) Meselesi ve Toplum Üzerindeki Olumsuz Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 805 - 830, 30.09.2023

Ahm Ershad Uddın

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1296630

Öz

Tekelin veya İhtikâr'ın avantajları kadar dezavantajları da bulunmaktadır. Tekeller fahiş fiyat uygulayarak daha fazla kar elde edebilirken, aynı zamanda kendilerine aşırı güvenebilir ve kusurlu mal ve hizmetler de sağlayabilirler. Ancak İslam hukukunda envanter oluşturmak için stoklamaya izin verildiği için tekel her zaman olumsuz değildir.
Doğal tekeller dışında tüm tekelleri ve kartelleri ortadan kaldırmak ve çeşitli kâr biçimlerini nesnel olarak tespit etmek ve ölçmek için net kriterler belirlemek gerekmektedir. İslam hukuku fiyat tekellerinin ve ayrımcılığın tüketicilere zarar vermemesi gerektiğini söylemekte ve böylece adaletin önemine vurgu yapmaktadır. Bu nedenle, üreticilerin kabul edilebilir bir gerekçe olmaksızın ürün fiyatlarındaki artışlar yaparak müşterileri istismar etmelerini yasaklar. Tekeller, gerçek girişimciliğin temel bir yönü olan minimum risk içerdiklerinden gerçek girişimcilik faaliyeti olarak nitelendirilmezler. Rekabet eksikliğinin doğası gereği tekeller, kârlarını bir tür aşırı vurgunculuk haline getirir. Teorik olarak, tekel kârları, ahlaki açıdan doğru kalkınma ve yatırıma karşıdır. Doğal tekeller dışındaki tüm tekel ve kartellerin ortadan kaldırılması, kaynakların adil dağılımı, adil ticaret ve zenginliğin eşit dağılımı için gereklidir. Türkiye'de son zamanlarda, market sahiplerinin, hükümetin asgari ücrete yaptığı zammı gerekçe göstererek tekelci davranışlarda bulunması ve ürün fiyatlarında zam yapması halkın yoğun protestolarına yol açmıştır. Özellikle de COVID-19 salgınıyla birlikte hızlanan tekelci sistem nedeniyle insanlar sosyal medya üzerinden sık sık fiyat artışlarını eleştirmektedir. Gerçekten de ülkede yapılan araştırmalarda zincir market sahiplerinin devletin işçilerin maaşlarına yaptığı zamdan faydalandığını göstermektedir. Hükümet ise, buna karşı tekelcileri durdurmak için soruşturmalar başlatmış, hem fiyat hem de enflasyon artışlarını dengelemeye çalışmıştır. Bununla birlikte, hükümet, çeşitli kâr biçimlerini nesnel olarak tespit etmek ve ölçmek için net kriterler belirlemelidir. Ülkedeki tekellerin şiddetli fiyatlama taktiklerinin ortaya çıkardığı risklere ilişkin kamuoyu farkındalığının artırılmasına ihtiyaç vardır. Türk hükümeti, adil rekabeti teşvik etmek, ülkedeki tekelci ticari uygulamalarla mücadele etmek ve tüketicileri haksız rekabetten korumak için yeni düzenlemeler getirmiştir. Hükümet ayrıca para cezaları vermek ve hatta bazı durumlarda işletme ruhsatlarını iptal etmek de dahil olmak üzere, tekelci davranışlarda bulunduğu tespit edilen şirketleri soruşturma ve cezalandırma konusunda etkin bir yaklaşım benimsemiştir. Bu düzenlemeler sıkı bir şekilde uygulanırsa, ülkedeki ekonomik büyüme teşvik edilebilir ve tüm işletmeler için eşit şartlar sağlanmasına yardımcı olunabilir. İhtikâr ve 'bai'-najash' (manipülasyon ve yüksek fiyatlama yoluyla satış) gibi piyasa çarpıklıklarının etkisi düşük gelirli ülkelerle sınırlı değildir. Müreffeh ekonomiler bile bu krizleri yaşayabilir. Ancak bu ekonomilerde ancak bu gibi çarpıklıklar nlar tüketici fiyatlarını hemen etkilemeyebilir. Türkiye, bu piyasa bozulmalarının yaygın olduğu bir ülke örneğidir. Hükümet harcamaları azaltmak için adımlar atsa da, iş adamları fiyatları artırmaya ve temel tüketim ürünlerini stoklayarak halkı savunmasız bırakmaktadır. Bu araştırma, tekeller gibi piyasa bozulmalarının etkisinin düşük gelirli ülkelerle sınırlı olmadığını ve müreffeh ekonomilerde bile yaygın olabileceğini öne sürmektedir. Ayrıca tekellerin risk almayı içeren gerçek girişimcilikle tutarlı olmadığına da dikkat çekmektedir. Araştırmamızda çeşitli kâr biçimlerini nesnel olarak tespit etmek ve ölçmek ve tekellerin ortaya koyduğu risklere ilişkin kamu bilincini artırmak için net kriterlere olan ihtiyacı vurgulamaktadır. Bu çalışma İslam hukuk doktrininde müşterilerin her türlü istismarının yasakladığını tespit etmektedir. Bu çalışma hazırlanırken araştırmacı, İslam hukukçularının İslam hukukunda İhtikâr sistemini nasıl yorumladıklarını ve bunun son yıllarda Türk işletmeleri üzerindeki etkisini araştırmak için betimsel-nitel bir yöntem kullanmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

İslam Hukuku Maliye Tekel İhtikâr Türkiye

Kaynakça

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قضية الاحتكار (IḤTIKĀR) في الفقه الإسلامي وتأثيرها السلبي على المجتمع: نموذج تركيا

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2, 805 - 830, 30.09.2023

Ahm Ershad Uddın

https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1296630

Öz

تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى التعرف على مفهوم الاحتكار في الشريعة الإسلامية وآثاره السلبية على الاستقرار الاقتصادي وأسعار السلع. مع صعود قوة الاحتكار التي أصبحت أحد أعمدة النظام الرأسمالي الحديث ، كانت الحكومات والشركات متعددة الجنسيات تستخدمها لأغراض سياسية وغير سياسية. لقد عطلت ممارسات الاحتكار حياة الناس وأثرت بشكل غير متناسب على الأفراد ذوي الدخل المنخفض ، مما أدى إلى زيادة التفاوتات المجتمعية. باستخدام تركيا كدراسة حالة ، يحلل هذا البحث الأدلة لاستكشاف كيفية استخدام التكتيكات الاحتكارية من قبل الأسواق المتسلسلة مع عدم الأمانة ، مما يؤدي إلى تضخم الأسعار وإلحاق الضرر بالمستهلكين. تبحث الدراسة في موقع الاحتكار في الشريعة الإسلامية وتطالب بفهم واضح لدورها ، بما في ذلك كيف تنظر إليه المدارس الفكرية المختلفة. تستخدم الدراسة منهجية نوعية لتحليل البيانات الأولية والثانوية من منظور تركيا. تظهر النتائج أن الممارسات الاحتكارية قد أثرت سلبًا على الاقتصاد التركي ، لا سيما أثناء وبعد COVID-19 ، مع ارتفاع أسعار السلع الأساسية وانخفاض الاستقرار الاقتصادي. تشمل قيود البحث التركيز على تركيا كدراسة حالة ، مما قد يحد من قابلية تعميم النتائج. تحتاج مضامين هذه الدراسة إلى تنظيم فعال للممارسات الاحتكارية لتعزيز الاستقرار الاقتصادي وتقليل عدم المساواة في المجتمعات المعاصرة. أصالة هذه الدراسة تكمن في دراستها للمنظور الإسلامي للاحتكار وآثاره السلبية على الاستقرار الاقتصادي وأسعار السلع. تساهم الدراسة في الأدبيات المتعلقة بالاحتكار وتقدم رؤى حول كيفية تنظيم هذه الممارسة في المجتمعات المعاصرة.

Anahtar Kelimeler

الفقه الإسلامي تركيا الإحتكار التمويل الإقتصاد

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  • Ibn Qudāmah, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Muḥammad. Al-Mughnī. Dār ʻĀlam al-Kutub, 1997.
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  • Karaman, Hayrettin. Mukayeseli İslâm Hukuku. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2nd Ed., 2003.
  • Kāsānī, Abū Bakr ibn Masʻūd al-Kāsānī al-Ḥanafī ʻAlāʼ al-Dīn al-. Badāʼiʻ Al-Ṣanāʼiʻ Fī Tartīb al-Sharāʼiʻ. Syria: Dār al-Fikr, 2003.
  • Khaṭṭābī, Abū Sulaymān al-. Maʻālim Al-Sunan. Syria: al-Maṭbaʻah al-ʻIlmīyah-Ḥalab, 1932.
  • M. Perloff, Jeffrey. Microeconomics. Boston: Addison-Wesley, 6th Ed., 2012.
  • Mālik, Mālik ibn Anas ibn. Al-Mudawwanah al-Kubrá. Saudi Arabia: Wizārat al-Awqāf al-Saʻūdīyah-Maṭbaʻat al-Saʻādah, 1324.
  • Mālik, Mālik ibn Anas ibn. Muwaṭṭaʼ Mālik. Muṣṭafá al-Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1985.
  • Mawṣilī, ʻAbd Allāh ibn Maḥmūd ibn Mawdūd al-. Al-Ikhtiyār Li-Taʻlīl al-Mukhtār. Riyad: Muʼassasat al- Risālah, 1998.
  • Mercuro, Nicholas - Medena, Steven G. Economics and the Law from Posner to Post Modernism. New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1999.
  • M.H, Segal. Demai: Translated into English with Notes. London: The Soncino Press, 1948.
  • Miras, Kâmil. Sahih-i Buhârî Muhtasarı Tecrid-i Sarih Tercemesi ve Şerhi. Ankara: Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı Yayınları, 7th Ed., 1984.
  • Moore, Adam D. “Intellectual Property and Information Control: Philosophic Foundations and Contemporary Issues.” Transaction Publisher, 10–11.
  • Morgināny, ʻAlī Ibn Abī Bakr Burhān al-Dīn Abū al-Ḥasan. Al-Hidāyah Sharḥ Bidāyat al-Mubtadī. Pakistan: Idārat al-Qurʼān wa-al-ʻUlūm al-Islāmīyah, 1417.
  • Mubārakfūrī, ʻUbayd Allāh ibn Muḥammad ʻAbd al-Salām al-. Mishkāt Al-Maṣābīḥ Maʻa Sharaḥahu Murʻāt al-Mafātīḥ. al-Jāmiʻah al-Salafīyah, 1985.
  • Nawawī, Yaḥyá ibn Sharaf ibn Murrī ibn Ḥasan al-. Al-Majmūʻ Sharḥ al-Muhadhdhab. Maktabat al-Irshād, 2001.
  • Nawawī, Yaḥyá ibn Sharaf ibn Murrī ibn Ḥasan alḥzāmy al-Ḥūrānī al-. Al-Minhāj Fī Sharḥ Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim Ibn al- Ḥajjāj. Dār al-Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al-ʻArabī, 1992.
  • Nevevî, Ebu Zekeriyya Yahya b. Şeref b. Nûri en-. El-Minhâc Şerhu Sahihi Müslim. Beyrut: Dâru ihyâi’t-türâsi’l- Arabî, 1392.
  • Nīsābūrī, Muḥammad ibn ʻAbd Allāh al-Ḥākim al-. Al-Mustadrak ʻalá al-Ṣaḥīḥayn. Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 2002.
  • Nīsābūrī, Muslim ibn al-Ḥajjāj Abū al-Ḥasan al-Qushayrī al-. Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim. Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʼ al-Turāth al- ʻArabī, 2001.
  • Qaraḍāwī, Yūsuf al-. Al-Ḥalāl Wa-al-Ḥarām Fī al-Islām. Maktabat Wahbah, 2014.
  • Qarahdāghī, ʻAlī Muḥyī al-Dīn al-. Al-Madkhal Ilá al-Iqtiṣād al-Islāmī-Dirāsah Taʼṣīlīyah Muqāranah Bālāqtṣād al-Waḍʻī. Beirut: Dār al-Bashāʼir al-Islāmīyah, 2010.
  • Qazwīnī, ʻAbd al-Karīm ibn Muḥammad al-Rāfiʻī al-. Al-ʻAzīz Sharḥ al-Wajīz. Dār al-Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 1997.
  • Rāzī, Muḥammad ibn ʻUmar ibn al-Ḥasan ibn al-Ḥusayn al-Taymī al-Fakhr al-. Mafātīḥ Al-Ghayb. Dār al- Kutub al-ʻIlmīyah, 2000.
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  • Samīʻ, Usāmah al-Sayyid ʻAbd al-. Al-Iḥtikār Fī Mīzān al-Sharīʻah al-Islāmīyah Wa-Atharuhu Fī al-Iqtiṣād Wa-al-Mujtamaʻ :Ruʼyah Fiqhīyah Jadīdah. Dār al-Jāmiʻah al-Jadīdah: Egypt, 2007.
  • Ṣanʻānī, Muḥammad ibn Ismāʻīl al-Amīr. Subul Al-Salām Sharḥ Bulūgh al-Marām Min Adillat al-Aḥkām. Maktabat al-Maʻārif, 2006.
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  • Uzunallı, Sevilay. “Avrupa Birliği Rekabet Hukuku Işığında Yıkıcı Fiyat Uygulamaları İle Hakim Durumun Kötüye Kullanılması.” Rekabet Dergisi 11/4 (2010), 60.
  • Yayla, Atilla. Liberalism. Ankara: Turhan Yayınları, 1992.
  • Yeniçeri, Celâl. İslâm İktisadının Esasları. İstanbul: Şamil Yayınevi, 1980.
  • Zaylaʻī, ʻUthmān ibn ʻAlī Fakhr al-Dīn. Tabyīn Al-Ḥaqāʼiq Sharḥ Kanz al-Daqāʼiq. al-Maṭbaʻah al-Amīrīyah al- Kubrá bi-Būlāq, 1999.
  • “Are Property Prices in Turkey Increasing?” Increasing Insights And Forecast of The Market, 2022. https://meoconsultants.com/are-property-prices-in-turkey-increasing-insights-and-forecast-of-the- market/
  • “Decisions of the Board Dated 16.12.2015 and Numbered 15-44/731-266 (‘LASID Decision’),” November 7, 2016.
  • Foreign Direct Investment, Net Inflows (BoP, Current US$) – Turkey. The World Bank, August 10, 2021.
  • DAILY SABAH. “Prices Revised at Markets in Türkiye after Retailers’ Pledge” (January 15, 2023). https://www.dailysabah.com/business/economy/prices-revised-at-markets-in-turkiye-after-retailers- pledge
  • Rekabet Kurumu (2022). https://www.rekabet.gov.tr/tr/Sayfa/Mevzuat/4054-sayili-kanun Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu, 1998.
  • Duvar English. “Turkey’s Supermarket Chains Fix Prices after Government ‘Warning’” (January 9, 2023). https://www.duvarenglish.com/turkeys-supermarket-chains-fix-prices-after-government-warning-news- 61681
  • World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022. International Monetary Fund, May 7, 2022.
Toplam 89 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Din, Toplum ve Kültür Araştırmaları
Bölüm Araştırma Makaleleri
Yazarlar

Ahm Ershad Uddın 0000-0002-6270-9117

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Eylül 2023
Kabul Tarihi 19 Eylül 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

ISNAD Ershad Uddın, Ahm. “The Perplexing Issue Of Monopoly (Iḥtikār) In Islamic Law And Its Negative Impact On Socıety: Evidence From Turkey’s Perspective”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 23/2 (Eylül 2023), 805-830. https://doi.org/10.33415/daad.1296630.
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