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The Emerging Process Of The Idea Of Kokutai (The National Unity) In Japan And Its Content

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 269 - 300, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1238312

Öz

Kokutai is an important concept that ideologically influenced the establishment and development of the Japanese nation-state. Kokutai represents the Japanese state based on the eternal-absolute sovereignty of the sacred Japanese emperors and the Japanese people united under this state. The concept, in this sense, was used for the first time in Aizawa Seishisai (1782-1863)'s Shinron written in 1825. The text became widespread in the country at the time it was written.
Seishisai is a scholar who deals with Confucianism under the Mito Han and has p on the political and social problems of the country. Shinron, which he wrote, is a text that reflects Seishisai's views on how the Tokugawa Bakufu should take measures against the threat of foreign ships coming to Japan since the end of the 18th century. Seishishai advocated the slogan Sonnō Joi (respect the emperor and drive out the barbarians) in the text. He drew attention to the unity of the people and the emperor. In this article, the historical process in Japan that led to the emergence of the idea of kokutai is examined. In addition, the concept of kokutai in Shinron was analyzed by content analysis method.

Kaynakça

  • Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. “Aizawa Seishisai’s Shinron and Western Learning: 1781-1828”. Princeton University, 1982.
  • Captain Golovnin. Memoirs of A Captivity in Japan, During the Years 1811,1812 and 1813; with Observations on the Country and the People. London: Henry Colburn, 1824.
  • Deveci Hülya. “Hristiyan Japonların Devlet Milliyetçiliği: Kumamoto Band ve Kirisutokyō Sekai, Rikugō Zasshi, Shinjin Dergileri Örneğinde”. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Dore R.P. Education in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley&Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965. Hayashi Shihei. Kaikoku Heidan, 1791.
  • Hideo Kanemitsu. “Tokugawa Bakufu no Taigai Seisaku (Sakoku) to Gendai no Kokkyō Mondai ni Shimeru Igi”, Tōsho Kenkyū, sy 6 (2006): 1-19.
  • Honjyo Eijirō. “The Original Current of Japanese Political Economy”, Kyoto University Economic Review, sy 17/3 (1942): 1-19.
  • Jansen Marius B. Making of Modern Japan. Belknap: Harvard University Press, 2002.
  • Jiang Jianwei. “Aizawa Seishisai no Kokugakukan, Nobunaga Hihan no Shisō Kōzō wo Chūshin ni” Waseda Daigaku Daigakuin Bungaku Kenkyūka Kiyō”, sy 62 (2017): 83-97.
  • Kaempfer Engelbert. The History of Japan. 1 c. London, 1727.
  • Katagiri Kazuo. “Phaenton Jiken ga Ransen no Nagazaki Nyūkō Tetsuzuki ni Oyoboshitaru Eikyō”, Hōsei Shigaku, sy 19 (1967): 85-105.
  • Kato Eiic, Fukuya Katsumi. Bakuhan-sei Kokka no Seiritsu. Tokyo: Yūhikaku, 1981.
  • Kitagawa Joseph M. “The Japanese Kokutai (National Community) History and Myth”, sy 13/3 (1974): 209-26.
  • Kitano Yuji. “Mitogaku to Bakumatsu Bushisō: Yokoi Shōnan ni Yoru Jyūyō to Hihan wo Megutte”, Osaka Sangyō Daigaku Ningen Kankyō Ronshū, sy 7 (2008): 43-65.
  • “Kokugojiten”. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1973.
  • Kudo Yutaka. “Kokutai no Keisei to Tenkai, Shinron no Shuchō wo Baikai Toshite”, Bukkyō Keizai Kenkyū, sy 48 (2019): 1-24.
  • Liss Robert. “Frontier Tales: Tokugawa Japan in Translation” The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence”. İçinde The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1-47. Cambridge: Science History Publications, 2009.
  • Maeda Tsutomu. “Yamaga Sokō Chucho Jujitsu ni Okeru Ka’i Kannen”, Aichi Kyōiku Daigaku Kenkyū Hōkoku, sy 59 (2010): 47-54.
  • Maruyama Masao. Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974.
  • Masaaki Shinya. “Tendō Shisō no Henyō Yosetsu: Edo Shoki ni Okeru Seitōteki Konkyo”, Bukkyō Daigaku Shaigaku, sy 27 (2002): 34-45. Masahide Bitō. Nihon Kokkashugi, Kokutai Shisō no Keisei. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2014.
  • Masamichi Okazaki. “Kindai Nihon to Kokutai Kannen”, Jinbun Bunka Shakai, 1997, 347-66.
  • Mcnally Mark Thomas. Liken o Other: Exceptionalism and Nativism in Early Modern Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2016.
  • Morita Masaya. “Sakokuka Nihon to Sekai ni Shinagaru Umi no Kōeki Rūto: Saikaku Bungaku wo Shizai to Shite”, Jinbun Ronkyū, sy 67 (2018): 57-76.
  • Najita Tetsuo. “History and Nature in Eighteen Century Tokugawa Thought”. İçinde The Cambridge History of Japan, 4:596-659. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Nalbant Ayhan Şeyma. “XIX. yüzyıl Japonya’sında Siyasî Düşünce: Shinron ve Bunmeiron no Gairyaku Eserlerinde İdeoloji”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, , Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • “Nihongo Daijiten”. Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1989.
  • Noell Wilson. “Tokugawa Defense Redux: Organizational Failure in the Phaeton Incident of 1808”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 36, sy 1 (2010): 1-32.
  • Oogawa Makoto. Kinsei Ōken to Seimei no Tenkaishi. Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shoten, 2012.
  • Ronald Paul Toby. “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 3 (1977): 323-63.
  • Ronald Paul Toby. “The Early Tokugawa Bakufu And Seventeenth Century Japanese Relations With East Asia”. Phd Thesis, Columbia University, 1977.
  • Seishisai Aizawa. Shinron. Tokyo: Miyamoto Insatsusho, 1939.
  • “Shinmeikai Kokugojiten”. Tokyo: Sanseido, 1997.
  • Tashiro Kazui ve Susan Downing Videen. “Foreign Relations During the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 8 (1982): 283-306.
  • Wakabayashi Bob Tadashi. Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early-Modern Japan. USA: Harward College, 1986.
  • Watanabe Hideyuki. Kodai Chūka Kannen no Keisei. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2010.
  • Wells David N. “Japan through Russian Eyes – History and Context”. İçinde Russian Views of Japan, 1792-1913: An Anthology of Travel Writing, 1-32. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004.
  • Yoshihiko Seya, Imai Isaburō, Bito Masahide. Mitogaku. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1973.

Japonya’da Kokutai (Millî Birlik) Fikrinin Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Muhtevası

Yıl 2023, Sayı: 49, 269 - 300, 30.04.2023
https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1238312

Öz

Kokutai, Japon ulus devletinin kuruluşunu ve gelişimini ideolojik açıdan etkileyen önemli bir kavramdır. Kokutai, kutsal Japon imparatorlarının ebedî-mutlak egemenliğe dayanan Japon devletini ve bu devlet çatısında birleşen Japon halkını temsil etmektedir. Kavram, bu manasıyla ilk kez Aizawa Seishisai (1782-1863)’in 1825’de kaleme aldığı Shinron (Yeni Sav) eserinde kullanılmıştır. Metin yazıldığı dönemde ülkede yaygınlaşmıştır.
Seishisai, Mito Hanlığı’na bağlı Konfüçyüsçülüğe dair çalışmalar yapan bilgin olup ülkenin siyasî ve sosyal sorunları üzerine kafa yormuştur. Kaleme aldığı Shinron, 18. yüzyılın sonlarından itibaren Japonya’ya gelen yabancı gemilerin tehditine karşı Tokugawa Yönetimi’nin alması gereken önlemlere dair Seishisai’in görüşlerini yansıtan bir metindir. Seishisai, metinde Sonnō Joi (imparatoru say ve barbarları kov) sloganını savunmuştur. Halk ile imparatorun birliğine dikkat çekmiştir. Bu makalede, Kokutai fikrinin ortaya çıkmasına neden olan Japonya’daki tarihî süreç incelenmiştir. Ayrıca Shinron eserindeki kokutai kavramı, içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş, nicel ve nitel tespitler yapılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Bob Tadashi Wakabayashi. “Aizawa Seishisai’s Shinron and Western Learning: 1781-1828”. Princeton University, 1982.
  • Captain Golovnin. Memoirs of A Captivity in Japan, During the Years 1811,1812 and 1813; with Observations on the Country and the People. London: Henry Colburn, 1824.
  • Deveci Hülya. “Hristiyan Japonların Devlet Milliyetçiliği: Kumamoto Band ve Kirisutokyō Sekai, Rikugō Zasshi, Shinjin Dergileri Örneğinde”. Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi, 2022.
  • Dore R.P. Education in Tokugawa Japan. Berkeley&Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1965. Hayashi Shihei. Kaikoku Heidan, 1791.
  • Hideo Kanemitsu. “Tokugawa Bakufu no Taigai Seisaku (Sakoku) to Gendai no Kokkyō Mondai ni Shimeru Igi”, Tōsho Kenkyū, sy 6 (2006): 1-19.
  • Honjyo Eijirō. “The Original Current of Japanese Political Economy”, Kyoto University Economic Review, sy 17/3 (1942): 1-19.
  • Jansen Marius B. Making of Modern Japan. Belknap: Harvard University Press, 2002.
  • Jiang Jianwei. “Aizawa Seishisai no Kokugakukan, Nobunaga Hihan no Shisō Kōzō wo Chūshin ni” Waseda Daigaku Daigakuin Bungaku Kenkyūka Kiyō”, sy 62 (2017): 83-97.
  • Kaempfer Engelbert. The History of Japan. 1 c. London, 1727.
  • Katagiri Kazuo. “Phaenton Jiken ga Ransen no Nagazaki Nyūkō Tetsuzuki ni Oyoboshitaru Eikyō”, Hōsei Shigaku, sy 19 (1967): 85-105.
  • Kato Eiic, Fukuya Katsumi. Bakuhan-sei Kokka no Seiritsu. Tokyo: Yūhikaku, 1981.
  • Kitagawa Joseph M. “The Japanese Kokutai (National Community) History and Myth”, sy 13/3 (1974): 209-26.
  • Kitano Yuji. “Mitogaku to Bakumatsu Bushisō: Yokoi Shōnan ni Yoru Jyūyō to Hihan wo Megutte”, Osaka Sangyō Daigaku Ningen Kankyō Ronshū, sy 7 (2008): 43-65.
  • “Kokugojiten”. Tokyo: Kadokawa Shoten, 1973.
  • Kudo Yutaka. “Kokutai no Keisei to Tenkai, Shinron no Shuchō wo Baikai Toshite”, Bukkyō Keizai Kenkyū, sy 48 (2019): 1-24.
  • Liss Robert. “Frontier Tales: Tokugawa Japan in Translation” The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence”. İçinde The Brokered World: Go-Betweens and Global Intelligence, 1-47. Cambridge: Science History Publications, 2009.
  • Maeda Tsutomu. “Yamaga Sokō Chucho Jujitsu ni Okeru Ka’i Kannen”, Aichi Kyōiku Daigaku Kenkyū Hōkoku, sy 59 (2010): 47-54.
  • Maruyama Masao. Studies in the Intellectual History of Tokugawa Japan. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press, 1974.
  • Masaaki Shinya. “Tendō Shisō no Henyō Yosetsu: Edo Shoki ni Okeru Seitōteki Konkyo”, Bukkyō Daigaku Shaigaku, sy 27 (2002): 34-45. Masahide Bitō. Nihon Kokkashugi, Kokutai Shisō no Keisei. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2014.
  • Masamichi Okazaki. “Kindai Nihon to Kokutai Kannen”, Jinbun Bunka Shakai, 1997, 347-66.
  • Mcnally Mark Thomas. Liken o Other: Exceptionalism and Nativism in Early Modern Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i Press, 2016.
  • Morita Masaya. “Sakokuka Nihon to Sekai ni Shinagaru Umi no Kōeki Rūto: Saikaku Bungaku wo Shizai to Shite”, Jinbun Ronkyū, sy 67 (2018): 57-76.
  • Najita Tetsuo. “History and Nature in Eighteen Century Tokugawa Thought”. İçinde The Cambridge History of Japan, 4:596-659. UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008.
  • Nalbant Ayhan Şeyma. “XIX. yüzyıl Japonya’sında Siyasî Düşünce: Shinron ve Bunmeiron no Gairyaku Eserlerinde İdeoloji”. Yüksek Lisans Tezi, , Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, 2013.
  • “Nihongo Daijiten”. Tokyo: Kōdansha, 1989.
  • Noell Wilson. “Tokugawa Defense Redux: Organizational Failure in the Phaeton Incident of 1808”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 36, sy 1 (2010): 1-32.
  • Oogawa Makoto. Kinsei Ōken to Seimei no Tenkaishi. Tokyo: Ochanomizu Shoten, 2012.
  • Ronald Paul Toby. “Reopening the Question of Sakoku: Diplomacy in the Legitimation of the Tokugawa Bakufu”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 3 (1977): 323-63.
  • Ronald Paul Toby. “The Early Tokugawa Bakufu And Seventeenth Century Japanese Relations With East Asia”. Phd Thesis, Columbia University, 1977.
  • Seishisai Aizawa. Shinron. Tokyo: Miyamoto Insatsusho, 1939.
  • “Shinmeikai Kokugojiten”. Tokyo: Sanseido, 1997.
  • Tashiro Kazui ve Susan Downing Videen. “Foreign Relations During the Edo Period: Sakoku Reexamined”, The Journal of Japanese Studies, 8 (1982): 283-306.
  • Wakabayashi Bob Tadashi. Anti-Foreignism and Western Learning in Early-Modern Japan. USA: Harward College, 1986.
  • Watanabe Hideyuki. Kodai Chūka Kannen no Keisei. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 2010.
  • Wells David N. “Japan through Russian Eyes – History and Context”. İçinde Russian Views of Japan, 1792-1913: An Anthology of Travel Writing, 1-32. London: Routledge Curzon, 2004.
  • Yoshihiko Seya, Imai Isaburō, Bito Masahide. Mitogaku. Tokyo: Iwanami Shoten, 1973.
Toplam 36 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Hülya Deveci 0000-0002-2463-1339

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Nisan 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Ocak 2023
Kabul Tarihi 3 Nisan 2023
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Sayı: 49

Kaynak Göster

APA Deveci, H. (2023). Japonya’da Kokutai (Millî Birlik) Fikrinin Ortaya Çıkışı Ve Muhtevası. Bilimname(49), 269-300. https://doi.org/10.28949/bilimname.1238312