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Kronik Bir Sosyal Sorun: Engellilere Yönelik Ayrımcılık

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 167 - 194, 31.05.2021

Öz

Ayrımcılık sosyal bir sorun olarak engellilerin topluma tam katılımının ve bağımsız yaşam amacının önünde en önemli bariyer niteliğindedir. Ayrımcı davranışlar ve uygulamalar ile engelliler eğitime, istihdama, boş zaman aktivitelerine ve toplumun tüm sistemlerine katılımda güçlükler yaşamaktadır. Özellikle salgın hastalıklar gibi olağanüstü durumlarda engellilerin toplumun diğer kesimlerine göre ayrımcılık ile karşılaşma riskleri daha fazladır. Bu durumlarda engelliler en fazla sağlık, eğitim hizmetlerine, bilgiye erişim konusunda ayrımcılıkla yüzleşmektedir. Ayrımcılığın bilişsel boyutunu oluşturan önyargılar düşünüldüğünde engellileri içeren bir toplum yapısının oluşturulması uzun zaman alacaktır. Ayrımcılık engellilerin haklarını tanımlayan ulusal mevzuatların ve uluslararası sözleşmelerin engellilere yönelik sosyal içerme politikalarının ve ulusal düzeyde sosyal politikaların etkinliğini belirlemektedir. Bu nedenle ayrımcılığın bilişsel boyutunun anlaşılmasının ve engellilere yönelik sosyal bir sorun olarak değerlendirilmesinin önemi ortaya çıkmaktadır. Bu çalışmada ayrımcılığın bilişsel boyutunu oluşturan önyargılar ve sosyal bir sorun olarak engellilere yönelik ayrımcılık teorik ve ampirik çalışmalar bağlamında değerlendirilmiştir. Bu çalışma ile engellilerin topluma katılamamalarının nedeni olarak baskın kültüre göre şekillenen toplumsal yapı ve bu toplumsal yapının neden olduğu ayrımcılık gerçeği bir kez daha vurgulanmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Aronson, Elliot, Timothy D. Wilson, and Robin M. Akert (2012), Sosyal Psikoloji Çeviri: Okhan Gündüz, İstanbul: Kaktüs Yayınları.
  • Aslan, Dilek, Selim Güler, Eray Öntaş, Semra Şahin, Ayşe Sanem Şahlı, Vesile Yıldız Kabak, Hülya Kayıhan, Onur Altuntaş, ve Zehra Gökkaya Kılıç (2019), “Yeti Yitimi Olan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gereksinimleri: Niteliksel ve Niceliksel Araştırma Deneyimi”, H.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3): 299-309.
  • Banks, Joanne, Raffaele Grotti, Éamonn Fahey and Dorothy Watson (2018), “Disability and Discrimination in Ireland: Evidence from the QNHS Equality Modules 2004, 2010, 2014”, Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission: Economic and Social Research Instıtute https://www.esri.ie/system/files/publications/bkmnext363.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • Bhugra, Dinesh (2016), “Social Discrimination and Social Justice”, International Review of Psychiatry, 28(4): 336-341.
  • Cameron, Colin (2014). “Discrimination”, in (ed.) Colin Cameron (2014), Disability Studies: A Student's Guide, London: SAGE Pub., 44-46.
  • Campbell, Fiona A. Kumari (2008), “Exploring Internalized Ableism Using Critical Race Theory”, Disability&Society, 23(2): 151–162.
  • Chhabra, S. (2016), “Differently Abled People and Their Life”, Global Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports, 3(1): 1-4.
  • Council of Europe (2017), “Human Rights: A Reality for all - Council of Europe Disability Strategy 2017-2023”, https://edoc.coe.int/en/people-with-disabilities/7276-pdf-human-rights-a-reality-for-all-council-of-europe-disability-strategy-2017-2023.html# [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • Cudjoe, Ebenezer and Abdullah Alhassan (2017),“Perceptions About Disability among Persons with and without Disabilities in Sekondi, Ghana: A Qualitative Study”, Asian Research Journal of Arts &Social Sciences, 3(1): 1-10.
  • Çitil, Mahmut ve Muhammet Kürşat Üçüncü (2018),“Türkiye’de Engelli Hakları ve Engelliler Hukuku’nun Durumu”, TAAD, 9(35) : 233-278.
  • Daley, Angela, Shelley Phipps and Nyla R. Branscombe (2018), “The Social Complexities of Disability:Discrimination, Belonging and Life Satisfaction Among CanadianYouth”,SSM-Population Health,5:55-63.
  • Dempsey, Ian and Karen Nankervıs (2006), “Conceptions of Disability”, in (eds) Ian Dempsey and Karen Nankervis (2006), Community Disability Services: An Evidence – Based Approach To Practice, Sydney Australia: UNSW Press, 3-26.
  • Dovidio John F., Miles Hewstone, Peter Glick and Victoria M. Esses (2010), “Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Overview”, in (eds.) John
  • F. Dovidio, Miles Hewstone, Peter Glick and Victoria M. Esses (2010), The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination, London: SAGE Publications, 3-28.
  • D’Souza, Rossi (2019), “Exploring Ableism in Indian Schooling Through the Social Model of Disability”, Disability&Society, 35(7): 1177-1182.
  • Engelliler Hakkında Kanun (2005), Resmi Gazete (Sayı:25868), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5378.pdf
  • Engwall, Kristina (2016), “How Disability is Conceptualized in İndividual Discrimination Complaints”, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 16(4): 214-227.
  • Erdem, Ali Rıza (2020),“Ayrımcılığın Kavramsal Analizi”,Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4): 12-20.
  • Fraser, Benjamin (2013), Disability Studies and Spanish Culture: Films, Novels, the Comic and the Public Exhibition, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Goering, Sara (2015),“Rethinking Disability: The Social Model of Disability and Chronic Disease”, Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 8(2): 134-138.
  • Göregenli, Melek (2012), “Temel Kavramlar: Önyargı, Kalıp yargı ve Ayrımcılık”, Der. Kenan Çayır ve Müge Ayan Ceyhan, Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 393 içinde 17-28.
  • Groce, Nora Ellen (2018),“Global Disability: An Emerging Issue”, The Lancet Global Health, 6(7): e724-e725.
  • Gül, İdil Işıl (2012),“Hukukta Ayrımcılık Yasağı”. Der. Kenan Çayır ve Müge Ayan Ceyhan, Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 393 içinde 117-133.
  • Hugemark, Agneta and Christine Roman (2014). “Putting Gender and Ethnic Discrimination on the Political Agenda: The Creation of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman and the Ombudsman Against Ethnic Discrimination in Sweden”, NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 22 (2): 84-99.
  • ILO (International Labour Organization) (2016), The Competitive Advantage of Hiring Persons with Disabilities: An Employer’s Guide to Disability Inclusion at the Workplace, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_543490.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2020].
  • Jong, Mark JW de (2008), Discrimination, in (ed.) Vincent N. Parrillo (2008), Encyclopedia of Social Problems, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.,243-245.
  • Jun, Heesoon (2010), Social Justice, Multicultural Counseling, and Practice: Beyond a Conventional Approach, SAGE Publications, Inc.:Thousand Oaks.
  • Levi, Sandra J. (2006), “Ableism”, in (ed.) Gary L. Albrecht (2006), Encyclopedia of Disability, SAGE Publications Inc.:Thousand Oaks, 2-4.
  • Li, Li and Dennis Moore (1998), “Acceptance of Disability and its Correlates”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1): 13-25
  • Mamatoğlu, Nihal ve Hande Tasa (2018), “Engelliye Yönelik Ayrımcılık ve İş Yerinde Engelli”, Türkiye Klinikleri J Psychol-Special Topics, 3(1):1-10.
  • Manago, Bianca, Jenny L. Davis and Carla Goar (2017), “Discourse in Action: Parents’ Use of Medical and Social Models To Resist Disability Stigma”, Social Science & Medicine, 184: 169-177.
  • Miller, Paul, Sophia Parker and Sarah Gillinson (2004), “Disablism: How toTackle the Last Prejudice”, London: Demos.
  • Murphy, John W. (2005), “Social Norms and Their Implications for Disability”, in (eds) John W. Murphy and John T. Pardeck (2005), Disability Issues for Social Workers and Human Services Professionals in the Twenty-First Century, Newyork, NY.:The Haworth, 153-164.
  • Myers, David G. (2015), Sosyal psikoloji, Çeviri Ed. S. Akfırat, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Nielsen, Laura Beth and Robert L. Nelson (2005), “Scaling the Pyramid : A Sociolegal Model of Employment Discrimination Litigation”, in (eds.) Laura B. Nielsen and Robert L. Nelson (2005), Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research: Rights and Realities, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 3-34.
  • Ormerod, Aloyne. J. (2008), “Social Discrimination”, in (ed.) Frederick T. L. Leong (2008), Encyclopedia of Counseling, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications,1631-1634.
  • Öztürk, Kübra (2014), Dezavantajlı Gruplara Yönelik Ayrımcılık: Engellilerin Çalışma Hayatında Karşılaştıkları Ayrımcılık ve Çözüm Önerileri, (Uzmanlık Tezi), Ankara: Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Pérez-Garín, Daniel, Patricia, Recio, Alejandro Magallares, Fernando Molero and Cristina García-Ael (2018),“Perceived Discrimination and Emotional Reactions in People with Different Types of Disabilities: A Qualitative Approach”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21(e12):1-11.
  • Smith, Nicholas Mark (2011), Basic Equality and Discrimination Reconciling Theory and Law, Union Road: Ashgate.
  • Pfeiffer, David (2001), “The Conceptualization Of Disability”, in (eds) S.N. Barnartt and B.M. Altman (2001), Exploring Theories and Expanding Methodologies: Where we are and where we need to go (Research in Social Science and Disability, Vol.2), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 29-52.
  • Sherry, Mark (2014), “The Promise of Human Rights for Disabled People and the Reality of Neoliberalism”, in (eds.) Michael Gill, Cathy J. Schlund-Vials (2014), Disability, Human Rights and the Limits Of Humanitarianism, New York: Routledge,15-27.
  • Social Justice Ireland (2019),Workand People with Disabilities, https://www.socialjustice.ie/content/policy-issues/work-and-people-disabilities [Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2020].
  • Stangor, Charles (2009), “The Study of Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination within Social Psychology: A Quick History of Theory and Research” in (ed.) Todd D. Nelson (2009), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination, New York: Psychology Press, 1-22.
  • Temple, Jeromey B., Margaret Kelaher and Ruth Williams (2018), “Discrimination and Avoidance due to Disability in Australia: Evidence from a National Cross Sectional Survey”, BMC Public Health, 18 (1347): 1-13.
  • Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu (2016), Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 29690), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6701.pdf
  • CRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) (2006, 6 December) https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convention_accessible_pdf.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner) (2020), Covıd-19 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Guidance, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/COVID-19_and_The_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2021].
  • Quinn, Peggy (1998), Understanding Disability: A Lifespan Approach, 103-105, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Quinn, Gerard and Theresia Degener (2002), “The Moral Authority For Change: Human Rights Values And The World wide Process of Disability Reform”, in (eds.) G. Quinn, T. Degener, A, Bruce, C. Burke, J. Castellino, K. Padraic, K. Ursula, S. Quinlivan (2002), Human Rights and Disability: The Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments InThe Context of Disability, New York: United Nations, 13-28.
  • Walsh, Mark, Paul Stephens and Stephen Moore (2000), Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Ltd.
  • Wolbring, Gregor (2010). “Ableism”, in (ed.) David H. Guston (2010), Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications,2-3.
  • https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/engelli-ayrimciligi-ile-mucadele-190 [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/disability-discrimination “Disability Discrimination” [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_648801.pdf “İntegrated Strategy on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 2017-2023” [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/eyhgm/haberler/aile-calisma-ve-sosyal-hizmetler-bakanligi-ndan-2030-engelsiz-vizyon-belgesi/ “Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı’ndan 2030 Engelsiz Vizyon Belgesi” [Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021].
  • https://www.unicef.org/disabilities/files/COVID-19_Disability_Response_Inforgraphic.pdf “Leaving No-One Behind: Considerations For Children And Adults With Disabilities” [Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2021].

A Chronic Social Issue; Discrimination Towards the Disabled

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1, 167 - 194, 31.05.2021

Öz

Discrimination, as a social problem, is the most significant problem to the full participation and the purpose of independent living of the disabled people. Due to discriminatory behavior and applications, the disabled people experience difficulties in participation in education, employment, leisure activities and all systems of society. Especially in extraordinary situations such as epidemics, the disabled people are more likely to face discrimination compared to other sections of society. In these situations, the disabled people encounter with discrimination mostly in terms of access to information, education and health services. Just as considering the prejudices creating the cognitive dimensions of discrimination, it will take a long time to build a social structure that includes the disabled people. Discrimination determines the effectiveness of national legislations and international conventions that define the rights of the disabled people, social inclusion policies for the disabled people and social policies at national level. For this reason, the importance of understanding the cognitive dimensions of discrimination and describing it as a social problem for the disabled people is emerged. In this study, the prejudices that create the cognitive dimensions of discrimination and discrimination towards the disabled as a social problem are evaluated in the context of theoretical and empirical studies. By means of this study, the social structure formed according to the dominant culture and the fact of discrimination caused by this social structure are once again emphasized as the reason why disabled people cannot participated in societies.

Kaynakça

  • Aronson, Elliot, Timothy D. Wilson, and Robin M. Akert (2012), Sosyal Psikoloji Çeviri: Okhan Gündüz, İstanbul: Kaktüs Yayınları.
  • Aslan, Dilek, Selim Güler, Eray Öntaş, Semra Şahin, Ayşe Sanem Şahlı, Vesile Yıldız Kabak, Hülya Kayıhan, Onur Altuntaş, ve Zehra Gökkaya Kılıç (2019), “Yeti Yitimi Olan Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Gereksinimleri: Niteliksel ve Niceliksel Araştırma Deneyimi”, H.Ü. Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(3): 299-309.
  • Banks, Joanne, Raffaele Grotti, Éamonn Fahey and Dorothy Watson (2018), “Disability and Discrimination in Ireland: Evidence from the QNHS Equality Modules 2004, 2010, 2014”, Irish Human Rights and Equality Commission: Economic and Social Research Instıtute https://www.esri.ie/system/files/publications/bkmnext363.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • Bhugra, Dinesh (2016), “Social Discrimination and Social Justice”, International Review of Psychiatry, 28(4): 336-341.
  • Cameron, Colin (2014). “Discrimination”, in (ed.) Colin Cameron (2014), Disability Studies: A Student's Guide, London: SAGE Pub., 44-46.
  • Campbell, Fiona A. Kumari (2008), “Exploring Internalized Ableism Using Critical Race Theory”, Disability&Society, 23(2): 151–162.
  • Chhabra, S. (2016), “Differently Abled People and Their Life”, Global Journal of Medical and Clinical Case Reports, 3(1): 1-4.
  • Council of Europe (2017), “Human Rights: A Reality for all - Council of Europe Disability Strategy 2017-2023”, https://edoc.coe.int/en/people-with-disabilities/7276-pdf-human-rights-a-reality-for-all-council-of-europe-disability-strategy-2017-2023.html# [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • Cudjoe, Ebenezer and Abdullah Alhassan (2017),“Perceptions About Disability among Persons with and without Disabilities in Sekondi, Ghana: A Qualitative Study”, Asian Research Journal of Arts &Social Sciences, 3(1): 1-10.
  • Çitil, Mahmut ve Muhammet Kürşat Üçüncü (2018),“Türkiye’de Engelli Hakları ve Engelliler Hukuku’nun Durumu”, TAAD, 9(35) : 233-278.
  • Daley, Angela, Shelley Phipps and Nyla R. Branscombe (2018), “The Social Complexities of Disability:Discrimination, Belonging and Life Satisfaction Among CanadianYouth”,SSM-Population Health,5:55-63.
  • Dempsey, Ian and Karen Nankervıs (2006), “Conceptions of Disability”, in (eds) Ian Dempsey and Karen Nankervis (2006), Community Disability Services: An Evidence – Based Approach To Practice, Sydney Australia: UNSW Press, 3-26.
  • Dovidio John F., Miles Hewstone, Peter Glick and Victoria M. Esses (2010), “Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination: Theoretical and Empirical Overview”, in (eds.) John
  • F. Dovidio, Miles Hewstone, Peter Glick and Victoria M. Esses (2010), The SAGE Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination, London: SAGE Publications, 3-28.
  • D’Souza, Rossi (2019), “Exploring Ableism in Indian Schooling Through the Social Model of Disability”, Disability&Society, 35(7): 1177-1182.
  • Engelliler Hakkında Kanun (2005), Resmi Gazete (Sayı:25868), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.5378.pdf
  • Engwall, Kristina (2016), “How Disability is Conceptualized in İndividual Discrimination Complaints”, International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 16(4): 214-227.
  • Erdem, Ali Rıza (2020),“Ayrımcılığın Kavramsal Analizi”,Uluslararası İnsan ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4): 12-20.
  • Fraser, Benjamin (2013), Disability Studies and Spanish Culture: Films, Novels, the Comic and the Public Exhibition, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.
  • Goering, Sara (2015),“Rethinking Disability: The Social Model of Disability and Chronic Disease”, Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med, 8(2): 134-138.
  • Göregenli, Melek (2012), “Temel Kavramlar: Önyargı, Kalıp yargı ve Ayrımcılık”, Der. Kenan Çayır ve Müge Ayan Ceyhan, Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 393 içinde 17-28.
  • Groce, Nora Ellen (2018),“Global Disability: An Emerging Issue”, The Lancet Global Health, 6(7): e724-e725.
  • Gül, İdil Işıl (2012),“Hukukta Ayrımcılık Yasağı”. Der. Kenan Çayır ve Müge Ayan Ceyhan, Ayrımcılık Çok Boyutlu Yaklaşımlar, İstanbul: İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları 393 içinde 117-133.
  • Hugemark, Agneta and Christine Roman (2014). “Putting Gender and Ethnic Discrimination on the Political Agenda: The Creation of the Equal Opportunities Ombudsman and the Ombudsman Against Ethnic Discrimination in Sweden”, NORA – Nordic Journal of Feminist and Gender Research, 22 (2): 84-99.
  • ILO (International Labour Organization) (2016), The Competitive Advantage of Hiring Persons with Disabilities: An Employer’s Guide to Disability Inclusion at the Workplace, https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---asia/---ro-bangkok/---ilo-dhaka/documents/publication/wcms_543490.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.08.2020].
  • Jong, Mark JW de (2008), Discrimination, in (ed.) Vincent N. Parrillo (2008), Encyclopedia of Social Problems, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.,243-245.
  • Jun, Heesoon (2010), Social Justice, Multicultural Counseling, and Practice: Beyond a Conventional Approach, SAGE Publications, Inc.:Thousand Oaks.
  • Levi, Sandra J. (2006), “Ableism”, in (ed.) Gary L. Albrecht (2006), Encyclopedia of Disability, SAGE Publications Inc.:Thousand Oaks, 2-4.
  • Li, Li and Dennis Moore (1998), “Acceptance of Disability and its Correlates”, The Journal of Social Psychology, 138(1): 13-25
  • Mamatoğlu, Nihal ve Hande Tasa (2018), “Engelliye Yönelik Ayrımcılık ve İş Yerinde Engelli”, Türkiye Klinikleri J Psychol-Special Topics, 3(1):1-10.
  • Manago, Bianca, Jenny L. Davis and Carla Goar (2017), “Discourse in Action: Parents’ Use of Medical and Social Models To Resist Disability Stigma”, Social Science & Medicine, 184: 169-177.
  • Miller, Paul, Sophia Parker and Sarah Gillinson (2004), “Disablism: How toTackle the Last Prejudice”, London: Demos.
  • Murphy, John W. (2005), “Social Norms and Their Implications for Disability”, in (eds) John W. Murphy and John T. Pardeck (2005), Disability Issues for Social Workers and Human Services Professionals in the Twenty-First Century, Newyork, NY.:The Haworth, 153-164.
  • Myers, David G. (2015), Sosyal psikoloji, Çeviri Ed. S. Akfırat, Ankara: Nobel Yayıncılık.
  • Nielsen, Laura Beth and Robert L. Nelson (2005), “Scaling the Pyramid : A Sociolegal Model of Employment Discrimination Litigation”, in (eds.) Laura B. Nielsen and Robert L. Nelson (2005), Handbook of Employment Discrimination Research: Rights and Realities, Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer, 3-34.
  • Ormerod, Aloyne. J. (2008), “Social Discrimination”, in (ed.) Frederick T. L. Leong (2008), Encyclopedia of Counseling, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications,1631-1634.
  • Öztürk, Kübra (2014), Dezavantajlı Gruplara Yönelik Ayrımcılık: Engellilerin Çalışma Hayatında Karşılaştıkları Ayrımcılık ve Çözüm Önerileri, (Uzmanlık Tezi), Ankara: Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Bakanlığı Çalışma ve Sosyal Güvenlik Eğitim ve Araştırma Merkezi.
  • Pérez-Garín, Daniel, Patricia, Recio, Alejandro Magallares, Fernando Molero and Cristina García-Ael (2018),“Perceived Discrimination and Emotional Reactions in People with Different Types of Disabilities: A Qualitative Approach”, The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 21(e12):1-11.
  • Smith, Nicholas Mark (2011), Basic Equality and Discrimination Reconciling Theory and Law, Union Road: Ashgate.
  • Pfeiffer, David (2001), “The Conceptualization Of Disability”, in (eds) S.N. Barnartt and B.M. Altman (2001), Exploring Theories and Expanding Methodologies: Where we are and where we need to go (Research in Social Science and Disability, Vol.2), Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing, 29-52.
  • Sherry, Mark (2014), “The Promise of Human Rights for Disabled People and the Reality of Neoliberalism”, in (eds.) Michael Gill, Cathy J. Schlund-Vials (2014), Disability, Human Rights and the Limits Of Humanitarianism, New York: Routledge,15-27.
  • Social Justice Ireland (2019),Workand People with Disabilities, https://www.socialjustice.ie/content/policy-issues/work-and-people-disabilities [Erişim Tarihi: 28.11.2020].
  • Stangor, Charles (2009), “The Study of Stereotyping, Prejudice and Discrimination within Social Psychology: A Quick History of Theory and Research” in (ed.) Todd D. Nelson (2009), Handbook of Prejudice, Stereotyping and Discrimination, New York: Psychology Press, 1-22.
  • Temple, Jeromey B., Margaret Kelaher and Ruth Williams (2018), “Discrimination and Avoidance due to Disability in Australia: Evidence from a National Cross Sectional Survey”, BMC Public Health, 18 (1347): 1-13.
  • Türkiye İnsan Hakları ve Eşitlik Kurumu Kanunu (2016), Resmi Gazete (Sayı: 29690), https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6701.pdf
  • CRPD (United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities) (2006, 6 December) https://www.un.org/disabilities/documents/convention/convention_accessible_pdf.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • OHCHR (United Nations Human Rights Office of The High Commissioner) (2020), Covıd-19 and the Rights of Persons with Disabilities: Guidance, https://www.ohchr.org/Documents/Issues/Disability/COVID-19_and_The_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities.pdf [Erişim Tarihi: 25.01.2021].
  • Quinn, Peggy (1998), Understanding Disability: A Lifespan Approach, 103-105, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications, Inc.
  • Quinn, Gerard and Theresia Degener (2002), “The Moral Authority For Change: Human Rights Values And The World wide Process of Disability Reform”, in (eds.) G. Quinn, T. Degener, A, Bruce, C. Burke, J. Castellino, K. Padraic, K. Ursula, S. Quinlivan (2002), Human Rights and Disability: The Current Use and Future Potential of United Nations Human Rights Instruments InThe Context of Disability, New York: United Nations, 13-28.
  • Walsh, Mark, Paul Stephens and Stephen Moore (2000), Social Policy and Welfare. Cheltenham: Stanley Thornes Ltd.
  • Wolbring, Gregor (2010). “Ableism”, in (ed.) David H. Guston (2010), Encyclopedia of Nanoscience and Society, Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications,2-3.
  • https://www.avrupa.info.tr/tr/engelli-ayrimciligi-ile-mucadele-190 [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/advice-and-guidance/disability-discrimination “Disability Discrimination” [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/@ed_norm/@ipec/documents/publication/wcms_648801.pdf “İntegrated Strategy on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work 2017-2023” [Erişim Tarihi: 27.09.2020].
  • https://ailevecalisma.gov.tr/eyhgm/haberler/aile-calisma-ve-sosyal-hizmetler-bakanligi-ndan-2030-engelsiz-vizyon-belgesi/ “Aile, Çalışma ve Sosyal Hizmetler Bakanlığı’ndan 2030 Engelsiz Vizyon Belgesi” [Erişim Tarihi: 15.01.2021].
  • https://www.unicef.org/disabilities/files/COVID-19_Disability_Response_Inforgraphic.pdf “Leaving No-One Behind: Considerations For Children And Adults With Disabilities” [Erişim Tarihi: 18.01.2021].
Toplam 56 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zehra Erol Karaca 0000-0001-7002-1219

Dilek Nam 0000-0003-3242-5460

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Mayıs 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Şubat 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 23 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Erol Karaca, Z., & Nam, D. (2021). Kronik Bir Sosyal Sorun: Engellilere Yönelik Ayrımcılık. Bilgi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 23(1), 167-194.

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