BURSA ULUDAĞ ÜNİVERSİTESİ KAMPÜSÜNDEKİ ATMOSFERİK PAH’LARIN MEVSİMSEL DEĞİŞİMİNİN BELİRLENMESİ
Year 2019,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 711 - 724, 30.08.2019
Fatma Esen
Emine Gürkan Ayyıldız
Y. Mine Bozkurt
Abstract
Bursa’da yarı
kırsal bir bölgede (Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Kampüs-BUÜK), 04 Şubat 2013-03
Şubat 2014 tarihleri arasında, yüksek hacimli
hava örnekleyicisi (YHHÖ) kullanılarak atmosferik polisiklik aromatik
hidrokarbonların (PAH’ların) örneklemesi yapılmıştır. Bulunan sonuçlar mevsimsel ve ısınmalı-ısınmasız sezon olarak
değerlendirilmiştir. İlkbahar, yaz, sonbahar ve kış mevsimleri için elde edilen
∑15PAH konsantrasyonları
(gaz+partikül) sırasıyla 60±53 ng/m3, 12±4 ng/m3,
451±243 ng/m3, ve 158±104 ng/m3 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Sonbahar
ve diğer mevsimler arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir fark bulunmuştur
(Mann-Whitney rank test, p <0.05). Ayrıca, elde edilen sonuçlar aynı
örnekleme bölgesinde geçmiş yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar ile
karşılaştırılmıştır. 2013 yılı ortalama toplam PAH konsantrasyonu 119±129
ng/m3
olarak belirlenmiştir. 2009-2013 yılları arasında artan popülasyona bağlı
olarak PAH konsantrasyon seviyelerinde artış görülmüştür. Toplam PAH
konsantrasyonu ortalamaları ısınmalı dönemde 345±243 ng/m3 iken,
ısınmasız dönemde 33±51 ng/m3 olarak tespit edilmiş olup literatürle
benzerlik göstermektedir. Konsantrasyon değerlerinin %79’u ısınmalı dönemde,
%83’ü ısınmasız dönemde gaz formunda olduğu belirlenmiştir.
References
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- 36. Wannaz, E.D., Abril, G.A., Rodriguez, J.H., Pignata, M.L. (2013) Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial and urban areas using passive air samplers and leaves of Tillandsia capillaris, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 1: 1028-1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.012
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Year 2019,
Volume: 24 Issue: 2, 711 - 724, 30.08.2019
Fatma Esen
Emine Gürkan Ayyıldız
Y. Mine Bozkurt
References
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- 2. Birgul, A., Tasdemir, Y. (2015) Concentrations, Gas-Particle Partitioning, and Seasonal Variations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons at Four Sites in Turkey, Arch Environ Contam. Toxicol (2015) 68:46–63. Doi: 10.1007/s00244-014-0105-8
- 3. Birgül, A., Cindoruk, S.S., Esen, F., Taşdemir, Y. (2013) Bursa Atmosferi’ndeki Yarı Uçucu Organik Bileşiklerin Konsantrasyon Seviyelerinin Zamansal ve Bölgesel Değişimi, Hava Kirliliği Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2: 123-132.
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- 6. Cheng, H., Deng, Z., Chakraborty, P., Liu, D., Zhang, R., Xu, Y., Luo, C., Zhang, G., Li, J. (2013) A comparison study of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsin three Indian cities using PUF disk passive air samplers, Atmos. Environ., 73: 16-21.
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- 12. Esen, F., Tasdemir , Y., Vardar, N. (2008) Atmospheric concentrations of PAHs, their possible sources and gas-to-particle partitioning at a residential site of Bursa, Turkey, Atmos. Res.,88: 243-255. Doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2007.11.022
- 13. Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y., Cindoruk, S.S. (2010) Dry deposition, concentration and gas/particle partitioning of atmospheric carbazole, Atmos. Res., 95: 379-385. Doi: 10.1016/j.atmosres.2009.10.010
- 14. Fang, G.C., Wu, Y.S., Fu, P.C., Yang, I.L., Chen, M.H. (2004) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the ambient air of suburban and industrial regions of central Taiwan, Chemosphere, 54: 443-452. Doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00706-9
- 15. Gaga, E., Tuncel, G., Tuncel, S.G. (2009) Sources and wet deposition fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban site 1000 meters high in central Anatolia (Turkey), Environ. Forensics, 10: 286-298. https://doi.org/10.1080/15275920903347594
- 16. Gaga, E.O., Ari, A. (2011) Gas-particle partitioning of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an urban traffic site in Eskisehir, Turkey, Atmos. Res., 99: 207-216. Doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2010.10.013
- 17. Gaga, E.O., Ari, A., Dögeroglu, T., Çakırca, E.E., Machin, N.E. (2012a) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in an industrialized city, Kocaeli, Turkey: study of seasonal variations, influence of meteorological parameters and health risk estimation, J. Environ. Monit.,14(8): 2219-2229. Doi: 10.1039/c2em30118k
- 18. Gaga, E.O., Dögeroglu, T, Ozden, O., Ari, A., Yay O.D., Altug, H., Akyol N., Ornektekin, S., Doorn W.V. (2012b) Evaluation of air quality by passive and active sampling in an urban city in Turkey: current status and spatial analysis of air pollution exposure, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 19: 3579-3596. Doi: 10.1007/s11356-012-0924-y
- 19. Garban, B., Blanchoud, H., Motelay-Massei, A., Chevreuil, M., Ollivon, D. (2002) Atmospheric bulk precipitation of PAHs onto France at typical environmental sites, Atmos. Environ.,36: 5395- 5403. Doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(02)00414-4
- 20. Halsall, C.J., Sweetman, A.J., Barrie, L.A., Jones, K.C. (2001) Modeling the behaviour of PAHs during atmospheric transport from the UK to the Arctic, Atmos.Environ., 35: 255-267. Doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00195-3
- 21. Hanedar, A. (2009) İstanbul’da polisiklik aromatik hidrokarbonların atmosferik birikiminin ve konsantrasyon dağılımının belirlenmesi, Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İstanbul.
- 22. Harrison, R.M., Smith, D.J.T., Luhana, L. (1996) Source apportionment of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons collected from an urban location in Birmingham, UK, Environ. Sci. Technol.,30: 825-832. Doi: 10.1021/es950252d
- 23. Klanova, J., Kohoutek, J., Hamplova, L., Urbanova, P., Holoubek, I. (2006) Passive air sampler as a tool for long-term air pollution monitoring: Part 1. Performance assessment for seasonal and spatial variations, Environ. Pollut., 144(2): 393-405. Doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2005.12.048
- 24. Liu S.Z., Tao S., Liu W.X., Liu Y.N., Dou H., Zhao J.Y. (2007) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in North China: A winter-time study, Environ. Sci. Technol., 41: 8256-8261. Doi: 10.1021/es0716249
- 25. Melymuk, L., Robson, M., Helm, P.A., Diamond M.L. (2011) Evaluation of passive air sampler calibrations: Selection of sampling rates and implications for the measurement of persistent organic pollutants in air, Atmos. Environ., 45: 1867-1875. Doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.01.011
- 26. Motelay-Massei A., Harner T., Shoeib M., Diamond M., Stern G., Rosenberg B. (2005) Using passive air samplers to assess urban-rural trends for persistent organic pollutants and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. 2. seasonal trends for PAHs, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides, Environ. Sci. Technol., 39: 5763-5773. Doi: 10.1021/es0504183
- 27. Nguyen, T.N.T., Jung, K.S., Son, J.M., Kwon, H.O., Choi, S.D. (2018) Seasonal variation, phase distribution, and source identification of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons at a semi-rural site in Ulsan, South Korea, Environmental Pollution, 236 (2018) 529-539. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2018.01.080
- 28. Park, J., Wade, T., Sweet, S. (2001) Atmospheric distribution of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and deposition to Galveston Bay, Texas, USA, Atmos. Environ.,35: 3241-3249. Doi: 10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00080-2
- 29. Poor, N., Tremblay, R., Kay, H., Bhethanabotla, V., Swartz, E., Luther, M., Campbell, S. (2004) Atmospheric concentrations and dry deposition rates of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) for Tampa Bay, Florida, USA, Atmos. Environ., 38: 6005-6015. Doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2004.06.037
- 30. Ravindra, K., Sokhia, R., Grieken, R. V. (2008) Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors and regulation, Atmos. Environ.,42: 2895-2921. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010
- 31. Tasdemir , Y., Esen, F. (2008) Deposition of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their mass transfer coefficients determined at a trafficked site, Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 55: 191-198. Doi: 10.1007/s00244-007-9096-z
- 32. Tasdemir, Y., Esen, F. (2007) Dry deposition fluxes and deposition velocities of PAHs at an urban site in Turkey, Atmos. Environ., 41: 1288-1301. Doi: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.037
- 33. Tsapakis, M. Stephanou, E.G. (2005) Occurrence of Gaseous and Particulate Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Urban Atmosphere: Study of Sources and Ambient Temperature Effect on the Gas/Particle Concentration and Distribution, Environ. Pollut.,133: 147-156. Doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2004.05.012
- 34. Vardar, N., Esen, F., Tasdemir, Y. (2008) Seasonal concentrations and partitioning of PAHs in a suburban site of Bursa, Turkey, Environ. Pollut.,155, 298-307. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2007.11.026
- 35. Vasilakos, C., Levia, N., Maggosa, T., Hatzianestis, J., Michopoulos, J., Helmis, C. (2007) Gas-particle concentration and characterization of sources of PAHs in the atmosphere of a suburban area in Athens, Greece, J. Hazar. Mater., 140: 45-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.06.047
- 36. Wannaz, E.D., Abril, G.A., Rodriguez, J.H., Pignata, M.L. (2013) Assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in industrial and urban areas using passive air samplers and leaves of Tillandsia capillaris, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 1: 1028-1035. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2013.08.012
- 37. WHO, (1998) Selected non-heterocyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. United Nations Environment Programme. International Labour Organisation, World Health Organization, Environmental Health Criteria 202, WHO Library Cataloguing in Publication Data.
- 38. Xu, Q., Zhu, X., Henkelmann, B., Schramm, K.W., Chen, J., Ni, Y., Wang, W., Pfister, G., Mu, J., Qin, S., Li, Y. (2013) Simultaneous monitoring of PCB profiles in the urban air of Dalian, China with active and passive samplings, Journal of Environmental Sciences 2013, 25(1) 133–143. Doi: 10.1016/S1001-0742(12)60030-8