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Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 04.12.2024

Israr Ahmad Muhammad Iftikhar Anjum Shakeel Ur Rehman , Javaid Ali

https://doi.org/10.59474/nuclear.2023.61

Abstract

90Sr does not exist in nature. Its main sources in the environment are global fallout of past nuclear accidents or nuclear detonations. 90Sr is radiologically significant because of its relatively long physical and biological half-lives and its chemical resemblance to calcium. In order to estimate the radioactivity level of 90Sr around Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology (PINSTECH) Islamabad, environmental samples (soil, water, vegetation, and water) and food samples (wheat, milk, poultry) were collected from the different selected sites around PINSTECH within the area of about 12.5 km in radius. All samples were pretreated using the guidelines of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Technical Reports Series No. 295. 90Sr was indirectly determined through its progeny 90Y in secular radioactive equilibrium. 90Y was radiochemically separated using combination of Tri-n-butyl Phosphate (TBP) solvent extraction and precipitation. Finally, the activity was measured on Tri-Carb Liquid Scintillation Counter (LSC) through Cherenkov radiation. The activity concentrations of 90Sr in all samples were too low to be detected by the LSC system, except for a vegetation sample from Rawal Dam where a minimum activity of 0.16 ± 0.04 Bq/kg of fresh weight was found. No considerable activity concentration of 90Sr was found around PINSTECH research facilities.

Keywords

Sr-90 Y-90 TBP Solvent Extraction Precipitation Cherenkov counting Liquid Scintillation Analyzer

References

  • [1] S. Axelrod, "A Public Health Perspective on Strontium-90", Department of Health of the City of New York, (1960).
  • [2] Y.A. Izrael, "Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents", Elsevier (2002).
  • [3] S. L. Simon, A. Bouville, H. L. Beck, L. R. Anspaugh, K. M. Thiessen, F.O. Hoffman, S. Shinkarev, "Dose estimation for exposure to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations", Health Physics, 122(1) (2022).
  • [4] K. C. Stamoulis, K. G. Ioannides, D. T. Karamanis, D.C. Patiris, "Rapid screening of 90Sr activity in water and milk samples using Cherenkov radiation", Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93(3), 144-156 (2007).
  • [5] K. Mück, M. Sinojmeri, F. Steger, "Long-term availability of Sr-90 in foodstuff after nuclear fallout", IRPA 10-10th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (2000).
  • [6] G. Turkington, K. A. Gamage, J. Graham, "Detection of strontium-90, a review and the potential for direct in situ detection", IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Proceedings (NSS/MIC), 1-4 (2018). [7] N. Shigematsu, J. Fukada, T. Ohashi, O. Kawaguchi, T. Kawata, "Nuclear disaster after the earthquake and tsunami of March 11", The Keio Journal of Medicine, 61(1), 28-34 (2012).
  • [8] S.K. Sahoo, N. Kavasi, A. Sorimachi, H. Arae, S. Tokonami, J. W. Mietelski, E. Łokas, S. Yoshida, "Strontium-90 activity concentration in soil samples from the exclusion zone of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", Scientific Reports, 6(1), 23925 (2016). [9] M. Uesugi, R. Watanabe, H. Sakai, A. Yokoyama, "Rapid method for determination of 90Sr in seawater by liquid scintillation counting with an extractive scintillator", Talanta, 178, 339-347 (2018).
  • [10] M. Tayeb, X. Dai, E. C. Corcoran, D.G. Kelly, "Evaluation of interferences on measurements of 90Sr/90Y by TDCR Cherenkov counting technique", Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 300, 409-414 (2014).
  • [11] N. Vajda, C. K. Kim, "Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: a review of analytical methodology", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68(12), 2306-2326 (2010).
  • [12] S. El-Shemy, M.F. Eissa, H. Sayed, M. F. Alrakshy, Z. S. Matar, A. H. Aly, "Improving the efficiency counting of Cherenkov detector by using high transmittance photonic crystal materials" Optical and Quantum Electronics, 54(5), 324 (2022).
  • [13] S. El-Shemy, A. H. Aly, H. Sayed, M. F. Eissa, "Production of intensifying blue light by Cherenkov radiation phenomena and its application as a power source", Optical and Quantum Electronics, 54(2), 70 (2022). [14] M.F. L'Annunziata, "Handbook of radioactivity analysis", Academic Press (2012).
  • [15] Ž. Grahek, N. Zečević, S. Lulić, "Possibility of rapid determination of low-level 90Sr activity by combination of extraction chromatography separation and Cherenkov counting", Analytica Chimica Acta, 399(3), 237-247 (1999).
  • [16] M. Tayeb, X. Dai, E. C. Corcoran, D.G. Kelly, "Rapid determination of 90Sr from 90Y in seawater", Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 304, 1043-1052 (2015).
  • [17] S.B. Hingorani, A.P. Sathe, "Solvent extraction method for rapid separation of strontium-90 in milk and food samples", Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (1991).
  • [18] E.J. Baratta, T.C. Reavey, "Rapid determination of strontium-90 in tissue, food, biota, and other environmental media by tributyl phosphate", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17(6), 1337-1339 (1969).
  • [19] M. Mansur, A. Mushtaq, "Separation of yttrium-90 from strontium-90 via colloid formation" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 288(2), 337-340 (2011).
  • [20] Ž. Grahek, A. Ivšić, N. Krljan, M. Nodilo, "Separation of Sr in combination of ion exchange and Sr resin with alcohol-nitric acid solution and rapid determination of 90Sr in wine and soil samples" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 289(2), 437-449 (2011).
  • [21] Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment, A guidebook: Technical Reports Series No. STI/DOC/010/295 TRS 295. IAEA, Vienna, Austria, ISBN 92 0 125189 0. 1990, Elsevier (1989).
  • 22] T. Jabbar, K. Khan, M. Subhani, P. Akhter, "Determination of 90Sr in environment of district Swat, Pakistan" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 279(2), 377-384 (2009).
  • [23] . Friedli, J. Geering, P. Lerch, "Some aspects of the behaviour of 90Sr in the environment", Radiochimica Acta,52(1), 237-240, (1991).
  • [24] A.M. Hejl, "A two part thesis: radionuclide concentrations in forest surface fuels at the Savannah River Site: preliminary study of inflammatory effects of wood smoke exposure amongst wildland firefighters University of Georgia", (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia), (2011).
  • [25] E. Gomez, F. Garcias, M. Casas, V. Cerda, "Determination of 137Cs and 90Sr in calcareous soils: geographical distribution on the Island of Majorca", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48(5), 699-704 (1997).
  • [26] M. Herranz, C. Elejalde, F. Legarda, F. Romero, "90Sr content of soils from Biscay (Spain)", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 55(4), 521-525 (2001).

Year 2022, Volume: 9 Issue: 1, 1 - 7, 04.12.2024

Israr Ahmad Muhammad Iftikhar Anjum Shakeel Ur Rehman , Javaid Ali

https://doi.org/10.59474/nuclear.2023.61

Abstract

References

  • [1] S. Axelrod, "A Public Health Perspective on Strontium-90", Department of Health of the City of New York, (1960).
  • [2] Y.A. Izrael, "Radioactive fallout after nuclear explosions and accidents", Elsevier (2002).
  • [3] S. L. Simon, A. Bouville, H. L. Beck, L. R. Anspaugh, K. M. Thiessen, F.O. Hoffman, S. Shinkarev, "Dose estimation for exposure to radioactive fallout from nuclear detonations", Health Physics, 122(1) (2022).
  • [4] K. C. Stamoulis, K. G. Ioannides, D. T. Karamanis, D.C. Patiris, "Rapid screening of 90Sr activity in water and milk samples using Cherenkov radiation", Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, 93(3), 144-156 (2007).
  • [5] K. Mück, M. Sinojmeri, F. Steger, "Long-term availability of Sr-90 in foodstuff after nuclear fallout", IRPA 10-10th International Congress of the International Radiation Protection Association (2000).
  • [6] G. Turkington, K. A. Gamage, J. Graham, "Detection of strontium-90, a review and the potential for direct in situ detection", IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium and Medical Imaging Conference Proceedings (NSS/MIC), 1-4 (2018). [7] N. Shigematsu, J. Fukada, T. Ohashi, O. Kawaguchi, T. Kawata, "Nuclear disaster after the earthquake and tsunami of March 11", The Keio Journal of Medicine, 61(1), 28-34 (2012).
  • [8] S.K. Sahoo, N. Kavasi, A. Sorimachi, H. Arae, S. Tokonami, J. W. Mietelski, E. Łokas, S. Yoshida, "Strontium-90 activity concentration in soil samples from the exclusion zone of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant", Scientific Reports, 6(1), 23925 (2016). [9] M. Uesugi, R. Watanabe, H. Sakai, A. Yokoyama, "Rapid method for determination of 90Sr in seawater by liquid scintillation counting with an extractive scintillator", Talanta, 178, 339-347 (2018).
  • [10] M. Tayeb, X. Dai, E. C. Corcoran, D.G. Kelly, "Evaluation of interferences on measurements of 90Sr/90Y by TDCR Cherenkov counting technique", Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 300, 409-414 (2014).
  • [11] N. Vajda, C. K. Kim, "Determination of radiostrontium isotopes: a review of analytical methodology", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 68(12), 2306-2326 (2010).
  • [12] S. El-Shemy, M.F. Eissa, H. Sayed, M. F. Alrakshy, Z. S. Matar, A. H. Aly, "Improving the efficiency counting of Cherenkov detector by using high transmittance photonic crystal materials" Optical and Quantum Electronics, 54(5), 324 (2022).
  • [13] S. El-Shemy, A. H. Aly, H. Sayed, M. F. Eissa, "Production of intensifying blue light by Cherenkov radiation phenomena and its application as a power source", Optical and Quantum Electronics, 54(2), 70 (2022). [14] M.F. L'Annunziata, "Handbook of radioactivity analysis", Academic Press (2012).
  • [15] Ž. Grahek, N. Zečević, S. Lulić, "Possibility of rapid determination of low-level 90Sr activity by combination of extraction chromatography separation and Cherenkov counting", Analytica Chimica Acta, 399(3), 237-247 (1999).
  • [16] M. Tayeb, X. Dai, E. C. Corcoran, D.G. Kelly, "Rapid determination of 90Sr from 90Y in seawater", Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 304, 1043-1052 (2015).
  • [17] S.B. Hingorani, A.P. Sathe, "Solvent extraction method for rapid separation of strontium-90 in milk and food samples", Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (1991).
  • [18] E.J. Baratta, T.C. Reavey, "Rapid determination of strontium-90 in tissue, food, biota, and other environmental media by tributyl phosphate", Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 17(6), 1337-1339 (1969).
  • [19] M. Mansur, A. Mushtaq, "Separation of yttrium-90 from strontium-90 via colloid formation" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 288(2), 337-340 (2011).
  • [20] Ž. Grahek, A. Ivšić, N. Krljan, M. Nodilo, "Separation of Sr in combination of ion exchange and Sr resin with alcohol-nitric acid solution and rapid determination of 90Sr in wine and soil samples" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 289(2), 437-449 (2011).
  • [21] Measurement of radionuclides in food and the environment, A guidebook: Technical Reports Series No. STI/DOC/010/295 TRS 295. IAEA, Vienna, Austria, ISBN 92 0 125189 0. 1990, Elsevier (1989).
  • 22] T. Jabbar, K. Khan, M. Subhani, P. Akhter, "Determination of 90Sr in environment of district Swat, Pakistan" Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 279(2), 377-384 (2009).
  • [23] . Friedli, J. Geering, P. Lerch, "Some aspects of the behaviour of 90Sr in the environment", Radiochimica Acta,52(1), 237-240, (1991).
  • [24] A.M. Hejl, "A two part thesis: radionuclide concentrations in forest surface fuels at the Savannah River Site: preliminary study of inflammatory effects of wood smoke exposure amongst wildland firefighters University of Georgia", (Doctoral dissertation, University of Georgia), (2011).
  • [25] E. Gomez, F. Garcias, M. Casas, V. Cerda, "Determination of 137Cs and 90Sr in calcareous soils: geographical distribution on the Island of Majorca", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 48(5), 699-704 (1997).
  • [26] M. Herranz, C. Elejalde, F. Legarda, F. Romero, "90Sr content of soils from Biscay (Spain)", Applied Radiation and Isotopes, 55(4), 521-525 (2001).
There are 23 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Nuclear Physics, Nuclear and Plasma Physics (Other), Nuclear Sciences
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Israr Ahmad 0009-0009-5839-5264

Muhammad Iftikhar Anjum 0009-0007-8845-7345

Shakeel Ur Rehman 0000-0002-3668-8404

Javaid Ali 0000-0001-7392-3912

Early Pub Date December 2, 2024
Publication Date December 4, 2024
Submission Date July 21, 2024
Acceptance Date September 4, 2024
Published in Issue Year 2022Volume: 9 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Ahmad, I., Iftikhar Anjum, M., Ur Rehman, S., Ali, J. (2024). Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods. Journal of Nuclear Sciences, 9(1), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.59474/nuclear.2023.61
AMA Ahmad I, Iftikhar Anjum M, Ur Rehman S, Ali J. Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. December 2024;9(1):1-7. doi:10.59474/nuclear.2023.61
Chicago Ahmad, Israr, Muhammad Iftikhar Anjum, Shakeel Ur Rehman, and Javaid Ali. “Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9, no. 1 (December 2024): 1-7. https://doi.org/10.59474/nuclear.2023.61.
EndNote Ahmad I, Iftikhar Anjum M, Ur Rehman S, Ali J (December 1, 2024) Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9 1 1–7.
IEEE I. Ahmad, M. Iftikhar Anjum, S. Ur Rehman, and J. Ali, “Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods”, Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 1–7, 2024, doi: 10.59474/nuclear.2023.61.
ISNAD Ahmad, Israr et al. “Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences 9/1 (December 2024), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.59474/nuclear.2023.61.
JAMA Ahmad I, Iftikhar Anjum M, Ur Rehman S, Ali J. Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2024;9:1–7.
MLA Ahmad, Israr et al. “Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods”. Journal of Nuclear Sciences, vol. 9, no. 1, 2024, pp. 1-7, doi:10.59474/nuclear.2023.61.
Vancouver Ahmad I, Iftikhar Anjum M, Ur Rehman S, Ali J. Estimation of Strontium-90 Concentrations in Pakistan Using Combination of TBP Solvent Extraction, Precipitation and Cherenkov Counting Methods. Journal of Nuclear Sciences. 2024;9(1):1-7.