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A New Look to Energy-GDP Nexus: The Comparison of Income and Sustainable Welfare Approaches in Turkey and G7 Countries

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 208 - 225, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.468824

Abstract

The purpose of this thesis
is to investigate the energy consumption-sustainable welfare nexus in G7
economies and Turkey over the period 2000-2012 and to compare these findings
with those obtained from energy consumption growth (GDP) nexus. To this end, empirical
models arisen herein are analyzed using
Kónya (2006) bootstrap heterogeneous panel
causality approach which is developed to produce cross-section results.
Findings reveal the existence of conservation hypothesis in France and Turkey,
feedback hypothesis in Germany, Italy, Japan and the UK, and neutrality
hypothesis in Canada and the US once economic growth is used as development
proxy. When sustainable welfare index is used as development proxy, on the
other hand, the results indicate the existence of growth hypothesis in Turkey
as well as the feedback hypothesis in the G7 economies. These findings confirm
that energy-sustainable welfare nexus is robust across G7 countries whereas it
varies across member states in the energy-growth nexus. However, findings
emphasize the importance of the development proxy in the case of Turkey.
Moreover, policy implications based on empirical findings are also discussed.

References

  • Ajmi, A. N., El Montasser, G., & Nguyen, D. K. (2013). Testing the relationships between energy consumption and income in G7 countries with non linear causality tests. Economic Modelling, 35, 126-133. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.027
  • Akan, Y., Doğan, M., & Işık, C. (2010). The causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: The case of Turkey. Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(1), 101-120. http://www.epdk.org.tr/
  • Akpolat, A. G. ve Altıntaş, N. (2013). Enerji tüketimi ile reel GSYİH arasındaki eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik ilişkisi: 1961-2010 dönemi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(2), 115-127. http://dergipark.gov.tr/beyder
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013). Türkiye’de birincil enerji tüketimi, karbondioksit emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294. http://dergipark.gov.tr/oguiibf
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009a). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. EnergyEconomics, 31(2), 211-216. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.002
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009b). Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the common wealth of independent states. EnergyEconomics, 31(5), 641-647. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco. 2009.01.011
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Gökmenoğlu, S. M. (2017). Environmental pollution, hydro power energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from G7 countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 68-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.052
  • Bilgili, F., & Öztürk, İ. (2015). Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 132-138. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.098
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from hetero geneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F. (2012). Enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 85-106. http://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.31660
  • Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2017). Disaggregated energy consumption and economic growth in G-7 countries. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(9), 808-814. http://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1286527
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Dünya Bankası (2018). Dünya Gelişim Göstergeleri Veri Tabanı. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi (22 Nisan 2018)
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F., & Köse, N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.018
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H., & Esengün, K. (2008). The causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.012
  • Gaspar, J. S., Marques, A.C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2017). The traditional energy-growth nexus: A comparison between sustainable development and economic growth approaches. Ecological Indicators, 75, 286-296. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.048
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438. Retrieved from https://www.econometricsociety.org
  • Hajko, V. (2017). The failure of energy-economy nexus: A meta-analysis of 104 studies. Energy, 125, 771-787. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.095 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.095
  • Kaplan, M., Öztürk, İ., & Kalyoncu, H. (2011). Energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey: Cointegraion and causality analysis. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 2, 31-41. http://www.ipe.ro/rjef.htm
  • Kar, M., Nazlıoğlu, Ş., & Ağır, H. (2011). Financial development and economic growth nexus in the MENA countries: Bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Economic Modelling, 28(1-2), 685-693. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.015
  • Karhan, G., Silinir, M., Çayın, M., ve Aydeniz, N. (2012). Enerji ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 80-87. http://www.yasambilimleridergisi.com/
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008
  • Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403. http://www.iceed.org
  • Lise, W., & Montfort, V. (2007). Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: Is there a co‐integration relationship?. Energy Economics, 29(6), 1166-1178. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.08.010
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2018). The basic, the solid, the site-specific and the full or total index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) for Turkey. Economies, 6(24), 1-18. http://doi.org/10.3390/economies6020024
  • Menegaki, A. N., Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2017). Redefining the energy-growth nexus with an index for sustainable economic welfare in Europa. Energy, 141, 1254-1268. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.056
  • Menegaki, A.N., & Tiwari, A. K. (2017). The index of sustainable economic welfare in the energy-growth nexus for American countries. Ecological Indicators, 72, 494-509. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.036
  • Menegaki, A.N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2016a). Rethinking the energy-growth nexus: proposing an index of sustainable economic welfare for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Research & Social Science, 17, 147-159. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.009
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2016b). The sensitivity of growth, conservation, feedback & neutrality hypotheses to sustainability accounting. Energy for Sustainable Development, 34, 77-87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.09.001
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2017). Energy consumption and sustainable economic welfare in G7 countries: A comparison with the conventional nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 892-901. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.133
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2018). Two versions of the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) in the Energy-Growth Nexus for selected Asian countries. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 14, 21-35. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2017.12.005
  • Mucuk, M. ve Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye ekonomisinde enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157, 105-115. http://www.sgb.gov.tr/sayfalar/maliyedergisi
  • Mutascu, M. (2016). A bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis of energy consumption and economic growth in the G7 countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 166-171. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.055
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2008). Energy consumption and real GDP in G7 countries: New evidence from panel cointegration with structural breaks. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2331-2341. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.006
  • Narayan, P. K, Narayan, S., & Prasad, A. (2008). A structural VAR analysis of electricity consumption and real GDP: Evidence from the G7 countries. Energy Policy, 36(7), 2765-2769. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.027
  • Özata, E. (2010). Türkiye’de enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkilerin ekonometrik incelenmesi. Dumlupınar üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26, 101-113. http://sbd.dpu.edu.tr/
  • Özturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-349. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024
  • Payne, J. E. (2010). Survey of the international evidence on the causal relationship between energy consumption and growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(1), 53-95. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/jes
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for crosssection dependence in panels (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240). http://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Sarafidis, V., & Wansbeek, T. (2012). Cross-sectional dependence in panel data analysis. Econometric Reviews, 31(5), 483-531. http://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2011.611458
  • Soytaş, U. Sarı, R., & Özdemir, Ö. (2001). Energy consumption and GDP relation in Turkey: A cointegration and vector error correction analysis. Paper presented at the Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings: 838-844. http://gbata.org
  • Şengül, S. ve Tuncer, İ. (2006). Türkiye’de enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme: 1960-2000. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 21(242), 69-80. http://www.iif.com.tr
  • Tuğcu, C. T., & Topcu, M. (2018). Total, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Revisiting the issue with an asymmetric point of view. Energy, 152, 64-74. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.128
  • Tuğcu, C. T, Özturk, I., & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6),1942-1950. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021
  • Yu, E. S. H., & Hwang, B. K. (1984). The relationship between energy and GNP: Further results. Energy Economics, 6, 186-190. http://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(84)90015-X

Enerji-GSYH İlişkisine Yeni Bir Bakış: Türkiye ve G7 Ülkelerinde Gelir ve Sürdürülebilir Refah Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırılması

Year 2018, Volume: 3 Issue: 3, 208 - 225, 30.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.468824

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, 2000-2012
döneminde G7 ülkeleri ve Türkiye’de
enerji
tüketimi-sürdürülebilir refah ilişkisinin analiz edilmesi ve elde edilen
bulguların enerji tüketimi-büyüme (gelir) ilişkisiyle karşılaştırılmasıdır. Bu
kapsamda kurulan modeller, paneli oluşturan her bir yatay kesite ait sonuçları
tahmin etmek için geliştirilen Kónya
(2006) bootstrap heterojen panel nedensellik ile analiz edilmiştir. Elde edilen
bulgular gelişme göstergesi olarak ekonomik büyüme kullanıldığında Fransa ve
Türkiye’de koruma hipotezinin, Almanya, İtalya, Japonya ve Birleşik Krallık’ta
geri besleme hipotezinin, Kanada ve ABD’de ise yansızlık hipotezinin geçerli
olduğu göstermektedir. Gelişme göstergesi olarak sürdürülebilir refah
kullanıldığında ise Türkiye’de büyüme hipotezinin, Kanada, Almanya, İtalya,
Japonya, Birleşik Krallık ve ABD’de ise geri besleme hipotezinin geçerli olduğu
bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Bu sonuçlar, G7 ülkelerinde enerji-sürdürülebilir refah
ilişkisinin ülkeden ülkeye değişmediğini, ancak enerji-büyüme ilişkisinin üye
devletler arasında farklılık gösterdiğini ifade etmektedir. Çalışmadan elde
edilen bulgular, Türkiye ekonomisi için ise gelişme göstergesinin önemine vurgu
yapmaktadır. Ayrıca, çalışmadan elde edilen bulgular ışığında politika
çıkarımları da tartışılmaktadır.

References

  • Ajmi, A. N., El Montasser, G., & Nguyen, D. K. (2013). Testing the relationships between energy consumption and income in G7 countries with non linear causality tests. Economic Modelling, 35, 126-133. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.027
  • Akan, Y., Doğan, M., & Işık, C. (2010). The causality relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: The case of Turkey. Enerji, Piyasa ve Düzenleme, 1(1), 101-120. http://www.epdk.org.tr/
  • Akpolat, A. G. ve Altıntaş, N. (2013). Enerji tüketimi ile reel GSYİH arasındaki eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik ilişkisi: 1961-2010 dönemi. Bilgi Ekonomisi ve Yönetimi Dergisi, 8(2), 115-127. http://dergipark.gov.tr/beyder
  • Altıntaş, H. (2013). Türkiye’de birincil enerji tüketimi, karbondioksit emisyonu ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Eşbütünleşme ve nedensellik analizi. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 8(1), 263-294. http://dergipark.gov.tr/oguiibf
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009a). Energy Consumption and Economic Growth in Central America: Evidence from a panel cointegration and error correction model. EnergyEconomics, 31(2), 211-216. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2008.09.002
  • Apergis, N., & Payne, J. E. (2009b). Energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from the common wealth of independent states. EnergyEconomics, 31(5), 641-647. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco. 2009.01.011
  • Bildirici, M. E., & Gökmenoğlu, S. M. (2017). Environmental pollution, hydro power energy consumption and economic growth: Evidence from G7 countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 75, 68-85. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.10.052
  • Bilgili, F., & Öztürk, İ. (2015). Biomass energy and economic growth nexus in G7 countries: Evidence from dynamic panel data. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 49, 132-138. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.04.098
  • Chang, T., Gupta, R., Inglesi-Lotz, R., Simo-Kengne, B., Smithers, D., & Trembling, A. (2015). Renewable energy and growth: Evidence from hetero geneous panel of G7 countries using Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 52, 1405-1412. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2015.08.022
  • Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F. (2012). Enerji tüketiminin ekonomik büyüme üzerindeki etkisi: Türkiye örneği. Uludağ Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 85-106. http://doi.org/10.20979/ueyd.31660
  • Destek, M. A., & Okumus, I. (2017). Disaggregated energy consumption and economic growth in G-7 countries. Energy Sources, Part B: Economics, Planning, and Policy, 12(9), 808-814. http://doi.org/10.1080/15567249.2017.1286527
  • Dumitrescu, E. I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450-1460. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Dünya Bankası (2018). Dünya Gelişim Göstergeleri Veri Tabanı. Erişim Adresi: https://data.worldbank.org/products/wdi (22 Nisan 2018)
  • Emirmahmutoğlu, F., & Köse, N. (2011). Testing for Granger causality in heterogeneous mixed panels. Economic Modelling, 28(3), 870-876. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.10.018
  • Erdal, G., Erdal, H., & Esengün, K. (2008). The causality between energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey. Energy Policy, 36(10), 3838-3842. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.07.012
  • Gaspar, J. S., Marques, A.C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2017). The traditional energy-growth nexus: A comparison between sustainable development and economic growth approaches. Ecological Indicators, 75, 286-296. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.12.048
  • Granger, C. W. (1969). Investigating causal relations by econometric models and cross-spectral methods. Econometrica: Journal of the Econometric Society, 424-438. Retrieved from https://www.econometricsociety.org
  • Hajko, V. (2017). The failure of energy-economy nexus: A meta-analysis of 104 studies. Energy, 125, 771-787. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.095 http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.02.095
  • Kaplan, M., Öztürk, İ., & Kalyoncu, H. (2011). Energy consumption and economic growth in Turkey: Cointegraion and causality analysis. Romanian Journal of Economic Forecasting, 2, 31-41. http://www.ipe.ro/rjef.htm
  • Kar, M., Nazlıoğlu, Ş., & Ağır, H. (2011). Financial development and economic growth nexus in the MENA countries: Bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis. Economic Modelling, 28(1-2), 685-693. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2010.05.015
  • Karhan, G., Silinir, M., Çayın, M., ve Aydeniz, N. (2012). Enerji ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Batman Üniversitesi Yaşam Bilimleri Dergisi, 2(1), 80-87. http://www.yasambilimleridergisi.com/
  • Kónya, L. (2006). Exports and growth: Granger causality analysis on OECD countries with a panel data approach. Economic Modelling, 23(6), 978-992. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2006.04.008
  • Kraft, J., & Kraft, A. (1978). On the relationship between energy and GNP. The Journal of Energy and Development, 3(2), 401-403. http://www.iceed.org
  • Lise, W., & Montfort, V. (2007). Energy consumption and GDP in Turkey: Is there a co‐integration relationship?. Energy Economics, 29(6), 1166-1178. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2006.08.010
  • Menegaki, A. N. (2018). The basic, the solid, the site-specific and the full or total index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) for Turkey. Economies, 6(24), 1-18. http://doi.org/10.3390/economies6020024
  • Menegaki, A. N., Marques, A. C., & Fuinhas, J. A. (2017). Redefining the energy-growth nexus with an index for sustainable economic welfare in Europa. Energy, 141, 1254-1268. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.09.056
  • Menegaki, A.N., & Tiwari, A. K. (2017). The index of sustainable economic welfare in the energy-growth nexus for American countries. Ecological Indicators, 72, 494-509. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2016.08.036
  • Menegaki, A.N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2016a). Rethinking the energy-growth nexus: proposing an index of sustainable economic welfare for Sub-Saharan Africa. Energy Research & Social Science, 17, 147-159. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.04.009
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2016b). The sensitivity of growth, conservation, feedback & neutrality hypotheses to sustainability accounting. Energy for Sustainable Development, 34, 77-87. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2016.09.001
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2017). Energy consumption and sustainable economic welfare in G7 countries: A comparison with the conventional nexus. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 69, 892-901. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.133
  • Menegaki, A. N., & Tuğcu, C. T. (2018). Two versions of the Index of Sustainable Economic Welfare (ISEW) in the Energy-Growth Nexus for selected Asian countries. Sustainable Production and Consumption, 14, 21-35. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.spc.2017.12.005
  • Mucuk, M. ve Uysal, D. (2009). Türkiye ekonomisinde enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme. Maliye Dergisi, 157, 105-115. http://www.sgb.gov.tr/sayfalar/maliyedergisi
  • Mutascu, M. (2016). A bootstrap panel Granger causality analysis of energy consumption and economic growth in the G7 countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 63, 166-171. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.05.055
  • Narayan, P. K., & Smyth, R. (2008). Energy consumption and real GDP in G7 countries: New evidence from panel cointegration with structural breaks. Energy Economics, 30(5), 2331-2341. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2007.10.006
  • Narayan, P. K, Narayan, S., & Prasad, A. (2008). A structural VAR analysis of electricity consumption and real GDP: Evidence from the G7 countries. Energy Policy, 36(7), 2765-2769. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.02.027
  • Özata, E. (2010). Türkiye’de enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki ilişkilerin ekonometrik incelenmesi. Dumlupınar üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 26, 101-113. http://sbd.dpu.edu.tr/
  • Özturk, I. (2010). A literature survey on energy–growth nexus. Energy Policy, 38(1), 340-349. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2009.09.024
  • Payne, J. E. (2010). Survey of the international evidence on the causal relationship between energy consumption and growth. Journal of Economic Studies, 37(1), 53-95. https://www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/jes
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for crosssection dependence in panels (CESifo Working Paper Series No. 1229; IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240). http://doi.org/10.17863/CAM.5113
  • Sarafidis, V., & Wansbeek, T. (2012). Cross-sectional dependence in panel data analysis. Econometric Reviews, 31(5), 483-531. http://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2011.611458
  • Soytaş, U. Sarı, R., & Özdemir, Ö. (2001). Energy consumption and GDP relation in Turkey: A cointegration and vector error correction analysis. Paper presented at the Economies and Business in Transition: Facilitating Competitiveness and Change in the Global Environment Proceedings: 838-844. http://gbata.org
  • Şengül, S. ve Tuncer, İ. (2006). Türkiye’de enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme: 1960-2000. İktisat İşletme ve Finans, 21(242), 69-80. http://www.iif.com.tr
  • Tuğcu, C. T., & Topcu, M. (2018). Total, renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth: Revisiting the issue with an asymmetric point of view. Energy, 152, 64-74. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.03.128
  • Tuğcu, C. T, Özturk, I., & Aslan, A. (2012). Renewable and non-renewable energy consumption and economic growth relationship revisited: Evidence from G7 countries. Energy Economics, 34(6),1942-1950. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2012.08.021
  • Yu, E. S. H., & Hwang, B. K. (1984). The relationship between energy and GNP: Further results. Energy Economics, 6, 186-190. http://doi.org/10.1016/0140-9883(84)90015-X
There are 45 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Mert Topcu

İjlal Tel

Publication Date December 30, 2018
Acceptance Date October 25, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 3 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Topcu, M., & Tel, İ. (2018). Enerji-GSYH İlişkisine Yeni Bir Bakış: Türkiye ve G7 Ülkelerinde Gelir ve Sürdürülebilir Refah Yaklaşımlarının Karşılaştırılması. Ekonomi Politika Ve Finans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(3), 208-225. https://doi.org/10.30784/epfad.468824