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M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 274 - 289, 30.12.2019

Nuray Küp Aylıkcı Volkan Aylıkcı Engin Tıraşoğlu Tolga Depci

https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.517880

Abstract

In this study, Mβα X-ray production cross-sections and average M-shell fluorescence yields were determined by using EDXRF at 5.96 keV for Pt, Au and Tl compounds. The photo-peak areas were used for the measurement of M X-ray production cross-sections and also other parameters. The obtained values were compared with the theoretical values in the literature to explain the changes in parameters. It was obtained that the changes were resulted from the electronegativity differences between Pt, Br and O in Pt compounds and Au, Br and O in Au compounds. As for Tl compounds, it was obtained different results and attributed to both of the charge transfer from one element to another and polarizability mechanisms of Tl.

Keywords

Mab X-ray production cross-section Average M shell fluorescence yield EDXRF

References

  • [1] Aylikci, N.K., Aylikci, V., Kahoul, A., Tirasoglu, E., Karahan, I.H., Cengiz, E., Effect of pH treatment on K-shell X-ray intensity ratios and K-shell X-ray production cross-sections in ZnCo alloys, Physical Review A, 84, 042509, 2011.
  • [2] Yang, Y., Structural and dynamical properties of water adsorption on PtO2(001), RSC. Advances, 8, 15078-15086, 2018.
  • [3] Tanzer, K., Pelc, A., Huber, S.E., Smialek, M.A., Scheier, P., Probst, M., Denifl, S., Low energy electron attachment to platinum (II) bromide, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 365-366, 152-156, 2014.
  • [4] Shi, H., Asahi, R., Stampfl, C., Properties of the gold oxides Au2O3 and Au2O: First principle investigation, Physical Review B, 75, 205125, 2007.
  • [5] Kwon, C.K., Kim, B.J., Lee, J.L., Kim, S.Y., Effect of anions in Au complexes on doping and degredation of graphene, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 1, 2463-2469, 2013.
  • [6] Ertugrul, M., Sade, K., Erdogan, H., Calculation of M x-ray production cross sections from 1–1500 keV in the atomic region 70≤Z≤92, X-ray Spectrometry, 33, 136-145, 2004.
  • [7] Ertugrul, M., Tirasoglu, E., Kurucu, Y., Erzenoglu, S., Durak, R., Sahin, Y., Measurement of M shell X-ray production cross-sections and fluorescence yields for the elements in the atomic range 70≤Z≤92 at 5.96 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 108, 18-22, 1996.
  • [8] Puri, S., Mehta, D., Chand, B., Singh, N., Mangal, P.C., Trehan, P.N., M shell X-ray production cross sections and fluorescence yields for the elements with 71≤Z≤92 using 5.96 keV photons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 73, 319-323, 1993.
  • [9] Rao, D.V., Cesareo, R., Gigante, G.E., Total M X-ray fluorescence cross sections and fluorescence yields for Pt, Au and Pb in the energy region 5.47≤E ≤ 9.36 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 108, 227-232. 1996.
  • [10] Chauhan, Y., Kumar, A., Puri, S., M shell X-ray production cross-sections for elements with 67≤Z≤92 at incident photon energies EM1<Einc≤150 keV, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 95, 475-500, 2009.
  • [11] Kaur, G., Gupta, S., Tiwari, M.K., Mittal, R., M sub-shell X-ray emission cross-section measurements for Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Th and U at 8 and 10 keV synchrotron photons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 320, 37-45, 2014. [12] Ozdemir, Y. Differential and total M-shell X-ray production cross-sections of some selected elements between Au and U at 5.96 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 256, 581-585, 2007. [13] Deghfel, B., Kahoul, A., Nekkab, M., Hafnium to thorium M-shell X-ray production cross sections by proton impact, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 512-518, 2014.
  • [14] Sampaio, J.M., Guerra, M., Parente, F., Madeira, T.I., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Calculations of photo-induced X-ray production cross-sections in the energy range 1–150 keV and average fluorescence yields for Zn, Cd and Hg, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 111-112, 67-86, 2016.
  • [15] Mainardi, R.T., On the angular dependence of differential and total M-shell X-ray production cross-sections, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 267, 1989-1990, 2009.
  • [16] Kaya, N., Apaydin, G., Aylikci, V., Cengiz, E., Tirasoglu, E., K shell, L shell–subshell and M shell–subshell photoeffect cross-sections in elements between Tb (Z = 65) and U (Z = 92) at 123.6 keV, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 77, 101-106, 2008.
  • [17] Sampaio, J.M., Madeira, T.I., Parente, F., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Marques, J.P., Relativistic calculations of M-shell photoionization and X-ray production cross-sections for Hg at 5.96 keV excitation energy, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 107, 36-39, 2015.
  • [18] Rao, D.V., Cesareo, R., Gigante, G.E., Average M-Shell fluorescence yields for Pt, Au and Pb, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 49, 503-504, 1997.
  • [19] Ozdemir, Y., Durak, R., Esmer, K., Ertugrul, M., Measurement of angular dependence from L3-subshell to M-shell vacancy transfer probabilities for the elements in the atomic region 71≤Z ≤78, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 90, 161-168, 2005.
  • [20] Kaur, G., Mittal, R., M sub-shell fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yield data generation for elements, 57≤Z≤90 (computer code ‘MFCKYLD’), Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 133, 489-503, 2014.
  • [21] Sampaio, J.M., Madeira, T.I., Guerra, M., Parente, F., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Marques, J.P., Relativistic calculations of K-, L- and M-shell X-ray production cross-sections by electron impact for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn and Uuo, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 182, 87-93, 2016.
  • [22] Bansal, H., Tiwari, M.K., Mittal, R., M sub-shell X-ray fluorescence cross-section measurements for six elements in the range Z = 78–92 at tuned synchrotron photon energies 5, 7 and 9 keV, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 204, 232-241, 2018.
  • [23] Ozdemir, Y., Durak, R., Angular dependence from L3-subshell to M-shell vacancy transfer probabilities for heavy elements using EDXRF technique, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 35, 1335-1339, 2008.
  • [24] Kainth, H.S., Singh, R., Singh, G., Mehta, D., Chemical shift in Lα, Lβ1, Lβ3,4, Lβ2,15, Lγ1 and Lγ2,3 emission lines of 47Ag, 48Cd and 50Sn compounds, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 414, 84-98, 2018.
  • [25] Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Cheng, R., Zhou, X., Xu, G., Sun, Y., Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, J., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Liang, C., Xiao, G., Multiple ionization effects in M X-ray emission induced by heavy ions, Physics Letters A, 376, 1197-1200, 2012.
  • [26] Pajek, M., Banas, D., Jablonski, L., Mukoyama, T., Electronic wave function and binding effects in M-shell ionization of gold by protons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 417, 15-18, 2018.
  • [27] Cengiz E., Aylikci, V., Kaya, N., Apaydin, G., Tirasoglu, E., Chemical effects on K and L shell production cross-sections and transfer probabilities in Nb compounds, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 278, 89-96, 2008.
  • [28] Apaydin, G., Aylikci, V., Cengiz E., Saydam, M., Kup, N., Tirasoglu, E., Analysis of metal contents of Seawed (Ulva lactuca) from Istanbul, Turkey by EDXRF, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 215-220, 2010.
  • [29] Aylikci, V., Cengiz E., Apaydin, G., Unver, Y., Sancak, K., Tirasoglu, E., Influence of functional group effect on the K-shell X-ray production cross-sections and average fluorescence yields of sulphur in 1,2,4-triazol-5-one compounds containing thiophene, Chemical Physics Letters, 461, 332-337, 2008.
  • [30] Berger, M.J., Hubbell, J.H., XCOM: Photon cross-sections on a personal computer (version 1.2), NBSIR85-3597, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, for version 3.1, 1999.
  • [31] Storm, E., Israel, I., Photon Cross Sections from 1 keV to100 MeV for Elements Z=1 to Z=100, Nuclear Data Tables, A7, 565–681, 1970.
  • [32] Scofield, J.H., Theoretical photoionization cross sections from 1 to 1500 keV, California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Livermore Lab., 1973.
  • [33] McGuire, E.J., Atomic M-shell Coster-Kronig, Auger, radiative and fluorescence yields for Ca-Th, Physical Review A, 5, 1043-1047, 1972.
  • [34] Kucukonder, A., Sogut, O., Dozen, C., Durdu, B.G., Measurement of M-shell X-ray production cross-sections for the element 73≤Z≤83 using 5.96 keV photons, The European Physical Journal D, 46, 37-39, 2008.
  • [35] Durak, R., Ozdemir, Y., Photon-induced M-shell X-ray production cross-sections and fluorescence yields in heavy elements at 5.96 keV, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 56, 455-464, 2001.
  • [36] Chen, M.H., Crasemann, B., Relativistic M-shell radiationless transitions, Physical Review A, 21, 449-453, 1980.
  • [37] Oz, E., Erdogan, H., Ertugrul, M., Calculation of average M-shell fluorescence yields for elements with 29≤Z≤100, X Ray Spectrometry, 28, 198-202, 1999.

Oksijen ve Bromlu Pt, Au and Tl Bileşiklerinin M Kabuğu Floresans Parametreleri

Year 2019, Volume: 9 Issue: 2, 274 - 289, 30.12.2019

Nuray Küp Aylıkcı Volkan Aylıkcı Engin Tıraşoğlu Tolga Depci

https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.517880

Abstract

Bu çalışmada, Mβα X-ışını üretim tesir kesitleri ve ortalama M kabuğu flüoresans verimleri 5.96 keV enerjide, EDXRF yöntemi kullanılarak Pt, Au ve Tl bileşikleri için belirlenmiştir. Foto-piklerin altında kalan alanlar M X-ışını üretim tesir kesitlerinin ve aynı zamanda diğer parametrelerin ölçülmesinde kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen değerler, parametrelerdeki değişimi açıklamak için literatürdeki teorik değerlerle kıyaslanmıştır. Değişimlerin Pt bileşiklerinde Pt, Br ve O arasındaki, Au bileşiklerinde ise Au, Br ve O elementleri arasındaki elektronegativite farkından kaynaklandığı belirtilmiştir. Tl bileşiklerinde ise değişimler hem bir elementten diğerine yük transferi hem de Tl elementinin polarize olabilmesi mekanizmalarına atfedilmiştir.

Keywords

Mβα X-ışını üretim tesir kesiti Ortalama M kabuğu flüoresans verimi EDXRF

References

  • [1] Aylikci, N.K., Aylikci, V., Kahoul, A., Tirasoglu, E., Karahan, I.H., Cengiz, E., Effect of pH treatment on K-shell X-ray intensity ratios and K-shell X-ray production cross-sections in ZnCo alloys, Physical Review A, 84, 042509, 2011.
  • [2] Yang, Y., Structural and dynamical properties of water adsorption on PtO2(001), RSC. Advances, 8, 15078-15086, 2018.
  • [3] Tanzer, K., Pelc, A., Huber, S.E., Smialek, M.A., Scheier, P., Probst, M., Denifl, S., Low energy electron attachment to platinum (II) bromide, International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, 365-366, 152-156, 2014.
  • [4] Shi, H., Asahi, R., Stampfl, C., Properties of the gold oxides Au2O3 and Au2O: First principle investigation, Physical Review B, 75, 205125, 2007.
  • [5] Kwon, C.K., Kim, B.J., Lee, J.L., Kim, S.Y., Effect of anions in Au complexes on doping and degredation of graphene, Journal of Materials Chemistry C, 1, 2463-2469, 2013.
  • [6] Ertugrul, M., Sade, K., Erdogan, H., Calculation of M x-ray production cross sections from 1–1500 keV in the atomic region 70≤Z≤92, X-ray Spectrometry, 33, 136-145, 2004.
  • [7] Ertugrul, M., Tirasoglu, E., Kurucu, Y., Erzenoglu, S., Durak, R., Sahin, Y., Measurement of M shell X-ray production cross-sections and fluorescence yields for the elements in the atomic range 70≤Z≤92 at 5.96 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 108, 18-22, 1996.
  • [8] Puri, S., Mehta, D., Chand, B., Singh, N., Mangal, P.C., Trehan, P.N., M shell X-ray production cross sections and fluorescence yields for the elements with 71≤Z≤92 using 5.96 keV photons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 73, 319-323, 1993.
  • [9] Rao, D.V., Cesareo, R., Gigante, G.E., Total M X-ray fluorescence cross sections and fluorescence yields for Pt, Au and Pb in the energy region 5.47≤E ≤ 9.36 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 108, 227-232. 1996.
  • [10] Chauhan, Y., Kumar, A., Puri, S., M shell X-ray production cross-sections for elements with 67≤Z≤92 at incident photon energies EM1<Einc≤150 keV, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 95, 475-500, 2009.
  • [11] Kaur, G., Gupta, S., Tiwari, M.K., Mittal, R., M sub-shell X-ray emission cross-section measurements for Pt, Au, Hg, Pb, Th and U at 8 and 10 keV synchrotron photons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 320, 37-45, 2014. [12] Ozdemir, Y. Differential and total M-shell X-ray production cross-sections of some selected elements between Au and U at 5.96 keV, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 256, 581-585, 2007. [13] Deghfel, B., Kahoul, A., Nekkab, M., Hafnium to thorium M-shell X-ray production cross sections by proton impact, Journal of Radiation Research and Applied Sciences, 7, 512-518, 2014.
  • [14] Sampaio, J.M., Guerra, M., Parente, F., Madeira, T.I., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Calculations of photo-induced X-ray production cross-sections in the energy range 1–150 keV and average fluorescence yields for Zn, Cd and Hg, Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Tables, 111-112, 67-86, 2016.
  • [15] Mainardi, R.T., On the angular dependence of differential and total M-shell X-ray production cross-sections, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 267, 1989-1990, 2009.
  • [16] Kaya, N., Apaydin, G., Aylikci, V., Cengiz, E., Tirasoglu, E., K shell, L shell–subshell and M shell–subshell photoeffect cross-sections in elements between Tb (Z = 65) and U (Z = 92) at 123.6 keV, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 77, 101-106, 2008.
  • [17] Sampaio, J.M., Madeira, T.I., Parente, F., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Marques, J.P., Relativistic calculations of M-shell photoionization and X-ray production cross-sections for Hg at 5.96 keV excitation energy, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 107, 36-39, 2015.
  • [18] Rao, D.V., Cesareo, R., Gigante, G.E., Average M-Shell fluorescence yields for Pt, Au and Pb, Radiation Physics and Chemistry, 49, 503-504, 1997.
  • [19] Ozdemir, Y., Durak, R., Esmer, K., Ertugrul, M., Measurement of angular dependence from L3-subshell to M-shell vacancy transfer probabilities for the elements in the atomic region 71≤Z ≤78, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 90, 161-168, 2005.
  • [20] Kaur, G., Mittal, R., M sub-shell fluorescence and Coster-Kronig yield data generation for elements, 57≤Z≤90 (computer code ‘MFCKYLD’), Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 133, 489-503, 2014.
  • [21] Sampaio, J.M., Madeira, T.I., Guerra, M., Parente, F., Indelicato, P., Santos, J.P., Marques, J.P., Relativistic calculations of K-, L- and M-shell X-ray production cross-sections by electron impact for Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn and Uuo, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 182, 87-93, 2016.
  • [22] Bansal, H., Tiwari, M.K., Mittal, R., M sub-shell X-ray fluorescence cross-section measurements for six elements in the range Z = 78–92 at tuned synchrotron photon energies 5, 7 and 9 keV, Journal of Quantitative Spectroscopy and Radiative Transfer, 204, 232-241, 2018.
  • [23] Ozdemir, Y., Durak, R., Angular dependence from L3-subshell to M-shell vacancy transfer probabilities for heavy elements using EDXRF technique, Annals of Nuclear Energy, 35, 1335-1339, 2008.
  • [24] Kainth, H.S., Singh, R., Singh, G., Mehta, D., Chemical shift in Lα, Lβ1, Lβ3,4, Lβ2,15, Lγ1 and Lγ2,3 emission lines of 47Ag, 48Cd and 50Sn compounds, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 414, 84-98, 2018.
  • [25] Wang, X., Zhao, Y., Cheng, R., Zhou, X., Xu, G., Sun, Y., Lei, Y., Wang, Y., Ren, J., Yu, Y., Li, Y., Zhang, X., Li, Y., Liang, C., Xiao, G., Multiple ionization effects in M X-ray emission induced by heavy ions, Physics Letters A, 376, 1197-1200, 2012.
  • [26] Pajek, M., Banas, D., Jablonski, L., Mukoyama, T., Electronic wave function and binding effects in M-shell ionization of gold by protons, Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B, 417, 15-18, 2018.
  • [27] Cengiz E., Aylikci, V., Kaya, N., Apaydin, G., Tirasoglu, E., Chemical effects on K and L shell production cross-sections and transfer probabilities in Nb compounds, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry, 278, 89-96, 2008.
  • [28] Apaydin, G., Aylikci, V., Cengiz E., Saydam, M., Kup, N., Tirasoglu, E., Analysis of metal contents of Seawed (Ulva lactuca) from Istanbul, Turkey by EDXRF, Turkish Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 10, 215-220, 2010.
  • [29] Aylikci, V., Cengiz E., Apaydin, G., Unver, Y., Sancak, K., Tirasoglu, E., Influence of functional group effect on the K-shell X-ray production cross-sections and average fluorescence yields of sulphur in 1,2,4-triazol-5-one compounds containing thiophene, Chemical Physics Letters, 461, 332-337, 2008.
  • [30] Berger, M.J., Hubbell, J.H., XCOM: Photon cross-sections on a personal computer (version 1.2), NBSIR85-3597, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD, USA, for version 3.1, 1999.
  • [31] Storm, E., Israel, I., Photon Cross Sections from 1 keV to100 MeV for Elements Z=1 to Z=100, Nuclear Data Tables, A7, 565–681, 1970.
  • [32] Scofield, J.H., Theoretical photoionization cross sections from 1 to 1500 keV, California Univ., Livermore. Lawrence Livermore Lab., 1973.
  • [33] McGuire, E.J., Atomic M-shell Coster-Kronig, Auger, radiative and fluorescence yields for Ca-Th, Physical Review A, 5, 1043-1047, 1972.
  • [34] Kucukonder, A., Sogut, O., Dozen, C., Durdu, B.G., Measurement of M-shell X-ray production cross-sections for the element 73≤Z≤83 using 5.96 keV photons, The European Physical Journal D, 46, 37-39, 2008.
  • [35] Durak, R., Ozdemir, Y., Photon-induced M-shell X-ray production cross-sections and fluorescence yields in heavy elements at 5.96 keV, Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, 56, 455-464, 2001.
  • [36] Chen, M.H., Crasemann, B., Relativistic M-shell radiationless transitions, Physical Review A, 21, 449-453, 1980.
  • [37] Oz, E., Erdogan, H., Ertugrul, M., Calculation of average M-shell fluorescence yields for elements with 29≤Z≤100, X Ray Spectrometry, 28, 198-202, 1999.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Inorganic Chemistry
Journal Section Chemistry
Authors

Nuray Küp Aylıkcı

Volkan Aylıkcı This is me

Engin Tıraşoğlu

Tolga Depci

Publication Date December 30, 2019
Submission Date January 25, 2019
Acceptance Date December 18, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2019 Volume: 9 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Küp Aylıkcı, N., Aylıkcı, V., Tıraşoğlu, E., Depci, T. (2019). M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, 9(2), 274-289. https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.517880
AMA Küp Aylıkcı N, Aylıkcı V, Tıraşoğlu E, Depci T. M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide. ADYU J SCI. December 2019;9(2):274-289. doi:10.37094/adyujsci.517880
Chicago Küp Aylıkcı, Nuray, Volkan Aylıkcı, Engin Tıraşoğlu, and Tolga Depci. “M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds With Oxygen and Bromide”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 9, no. 2 (December 2019): 274-89. https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.517880.
EndNote Küp Aylıkcı N, Aylıkcı V, Tıraşoğlu E, Depci T (December 1, 2019) M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 9 2 274–289.
IEEE N. Küp Aylıkcı, V. Aylıkcı, E. Tıraşoğlu, and T. Depci, “M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide”, ADYU J SCI, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 274–289, 2019, doi: 10.37094/adyujsci.517880.
ISNAD Küp Aylıkcı, Nuray et al. “M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds With Oxygen and Bromide”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science 9/2 (December 2019), 274-289. https://doi.org/10.37094/adyujsci.517880.
JAMA Küp Aylıkcı N, Aylıkcı V, Tıraşoğlu E, Depci T. M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide. ADYU J SCI. 2019;9:274–289.
MLA Küp Aylıkcı, Nuray et al. “M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds With Oxygen and Bromide”. Adıyaman University Journal of Science, vol. 9, no. 2, 2019, pp. 274-89, doi:10.37094/adyujsci.517880.
Vancouver Küp Aylıkcı N, Aylıkcı V, Tıraşoğlu E, Depci T. M Shell Fluorescence Parameters of Pt, Au and Tl Compounds with Oxygen and Bromide. ADYU J SCI. 2019;9(2):274-89.
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